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Diseases & Conditions- Adult Health Library
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Diabetes
Alcohol Use and People with Diabetes
Alcohol Use and People with Diabetes Alcohol and diabetes Alcohol consumption can lower blood sugar levels to the point of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), causing symptoms. A person with diabetes should keep careful track of his or her blood sugar levels when drinking alcohol, because certain diabetes medications, including insulin, also lower blood glucose levels. If blood glucose levels are too low, or if the stomach is empty, alcohol consumption should be avoided. The symptoms for alcohol intoxicatio...
Complications of Diabetes
Complications of Diabetes Many complications of diabetes require clinical care by a physician or other health care professional. Listed in the directory below are some, for which we have provided a brief overview. Overview of Clinical Complications of Diabetes Diabetic Nephropathy (Kidney Disease) Diabetic Neuropathy (Nerve Problems) Diabetic Foot Problems Diabetic Retinopathy and Other Eye Problems Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar) Diabetes and Heart Disease Diabetes and High Blood Pressure Diabetes and P...
Diabetes and Heart Disease
Diabetes and Heart Disease The link between diabetes and heart disease Heart and vascular disease often go hand in hand with diabetes. People with diabetes are at a much greater risk for heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Another vascular problem due to diabetes includes poor circulation to the legs and feet. Unfortunately, many of the cardiovascular problems can start early in life and may go undetected for years. Silent heart disease in young people with diabetes Serious cardiovascular d...
Diabetes and High Blood Pressure
Diabetes and High Blood Pressure High blood pressure is twice as likely to strike a person with diabetes than a person without diabetes. Left untreated, high blood pressure can lead to heart disease and stroke. In fact, a person with diabetes and high blood pressure is four times as likely to develop heart disease than someone who does not have either of the conditions. About 73 percent of adults with diabetes have blood pressure greater than 130/80 mm Hg or use prescription medications for hypertension...
Diabetes and Periodontal (Gum) Disease
Diabetes and Periodontal (Gum) Disease Diabetes that is not properly controlled can lead to periodontal (gum) diseases in both young and old people. Periodontal diseases are infections of the gums and bone that hold the teeth in place. Because of blood vessel changes that occur with diabetes, the efficiency of the flow of nutrients and removal of wastes from body tissues may become impaired. This impaired blood flow can weaken the gums and bone, making them more susceptible to infection. In addition, if...
Diabetes Statistics
Diabetes Statistics General diabetes statistics Diabetes affects an estimated 25.8 million people in the U.S. (90 to 95 percent have type 2 diabetes)--18.8 million have been diagnosed, but 7 million are unaware they have the disease. According to the American Diabetes Association and the CDC, those affected include: 12.6 million U.S. women (10.8 percent of all women age 20 or older) 13 million U.S. men (11.8 percent of all men age 20 or older) 215,000 people younger than age 20 10.9 million adults older...
Diabetic Foot Problems
Diabetic Foot Problems What causes diabetic foot problems? Neuropathy and blood vessel disease both increase the risk of foot ulcers. The nerves of the feet are the longest in the body and often are affected by nerve injury or neuropathy. When a patient with diabetes loses sensation in the feet, sores or injuries may go unnoticed until serious ulcers develop. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), more than half of nontraumatic lower-limb amputations i...
Diabetic Nephropathy (Kidney Disease)
Diabetic Nephropathy (Kidney Disease) What is diabetic nephropathy? Nephropathy is the deterioration of the kidneys. The final stage of nephropathy is called kidney failure, end-stage renal disease, or ESRD. According to the CDC, diabetes is the most common cause of ESRD, accounting for about 44 percent of all new cases of kidney failure in 2008. In 2011, about 25.8 million people in the U.S. have diabetes, and more than 202,290 people with ESRD due to diabetes were either on chronic renal dialysis or h...
Diabetic Neuropathy (Nerve Problems)
Diabetic Neuropathy (Nerve Problems) What is diabetic neuropathy? Diabetic neuropathy, a nerve disorder, is a complication of diabetes that can lead to problems throughout the body. People with diabetes can develop nerve problems at any time, but significant nerve problems, or clinical neuropathy , can develop within the first 10 years after receiving a diabetes diagnosis. The risk of developing neuropathy increases the longer a person has diabetes. About half of people with diabetes have some form of n...
Diabetic Retinopathy and Other Eye Problems
Diabetic Retinopathy and Other Eye Problems What eye problems are often associated with diabetes? Diabetic eye disease refers to a group of eye problems that may occur in people with diabetes as a complication. All can cause severe vision loss or even blindness. Diabetic eye disease can often be treated before vision loss occurs. All people with diabetes should have a dilated eye examination at least once a year. Diabetic eye diseases include the following: Diabetic retinopathy Cataract Glaucoma Diabeti...
Diagnosing Diabetes
Diagnosing Diabetes Protocol for diagnosing diabetes According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: People over age 45 should be tested for prediabetes or diabetes. If the first blood glucose test is normal, they should be re-tested every three years. People under age 45 should consider getting tested for prediabetes or diabetes if they have a body mass index (BMI) of greater than or equal to 25 kgm/m2 and have one or more of the following risk factors: Having a first...
Facts About Diabetes
Facts About Diabetes What is diabetes? Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by a failure to secrete enough insulin, or, in some cases, the cells do not respond appropriately to the insulin that is produced. Because insulin is needed by the body to convert glucose into energy, these failures result in abnormally high levels of glucose accumulating in the blood. Diabetes may also be a result of other conditions such as genetic syndromes, chemicals, drugs, malnutrition, infections, viruses, or ot...
Forms of Diabetes
Forms of Diabetes Although there are many forms of diabetes, three main types of diabetes require clinical care by a physician or other health care professional. Listed in the directory below are the three main types of diabetes, for which we have provided a brief overview. Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Gestational Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome
Gastric Bypass (Malabsorptive) Surgery
Gastric Bypass (Malabsorptive) Surgery (Malabsorptive Procedure, Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass, Biliopancreatic Diversion) What is gastric bypass surgery? Gastric bypass surgery, a type of bariatric surgery (weight loss surgery), is a surgical procedure that alters the process of digestion. Bariatric surgery is the only option today that effectively treats morbid obesity in people for whom more conservative measures such as diet, exercise, and medication have failed. There are several types of gastric bypass...
Gastric Stapling (Restrictive) Surgery
Gastric Stapling (Restrictive) Surgery (Gastric Banding Surgery, Adjustable Gastric Banding, Vertical Banded Gastroplasty) What is gastric stapling (restrictive) surgery? Gastric stapling (restrictive) surgery is a type of bariatric surgery (weight loss surgery) procedure performed to limit the amount of food a person can eat. Bariatric surgery is the only option today that effectively treats morbid obesity in people for whom more conservative measures, such as diet, exercise, and medication have failed...
Gestational Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) What is GDM? Gestational diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the glucose level is elevated and other diabetic symptoms appear during pregnancy in a woman who has not previously been diagnosed with diabetes. All diabetic symptoms disappear following delivery. Unlike type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes is not caused by a lack of insulin, but by other hormones produced during pregnancy that can make insulin less effective, a condition referred to as insulin resis...
Glossary - Diabetes
Glossary - Diabetes | A | | B | | C | | D | | E | | F | | G | | H | | I | | J | | K | | L | | M | | N | | O | | P | | Q | | R | | S | | T | | U | | V | | W | | X | | Y | | Z | A [return to top] Albumin - a protein found in blood plasma and urine, which can be a sign of kidney disease. Autoimmune process - a process in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys body tissue that it mistakes for foreign matter. B [return to top] Beta cells - cells that make insulin; found in areas of the pancreas ...
Glucose Monitoring
Glucose Monitoring What is blood glucose monitoring? Blood glucose levels (also called blood sugar levels) reflect how well diabetes is being controlled and how well the plan of care (diet, exercise, and medication) is working. If the blood sugar levels are consistently under control (with levels near normal), diabetes complications may be reduced or even prevented. How can blood sugar levels be checked? Checking blood glucose levels regularly is very important in proper diabetes management. Current met...
Healthy Cooking Tips for People with Diabetes
Healthy Cooking Tips for People with Diabetes A healthy diet is not only critical to proper diabetes management, but will also help you stay at a desirable weight, control your blood pressure, and prevent heart disease and stroke. Always consult your health care provider, registered dietitian, or nutritionist to get advice on planning and preparing healthy meals. Some healthy cooking tips include: Use vegetable oil spray instead of oil, shortening, or butter. If you do use oil, use canola, sunflower, or...
Home Page - Diabetes
Topic Index Facts About Diabetes Statistics About Diabetes Forms of Diabetes Diagnosis Protocol for Diabetes Complications of Diabetes Treatment and Management of Diabetes Obesity Glossary Diabetes is a serious disease, which, if not controlled, can be life threatening. It is often associated with long-term complications that can affect every system and part of the body. Diabetes can, among other things, contribute to eye disorders and blindness, heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, limb amputation, a...
Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)
Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar) What is hypoglycemia? Hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by a glucose (blood sugar) level that is too low to effectively fuel the body's blood cells. Glucose is the main source of fuel for the body. According to the National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, the ideal range of blood sugar is approximately 70 to 120 mg/dL (milligrams of glucose per deciliter of blood). Blood sugar levels under 70 mg/dL are too low and are considered unhealthy....
Insulin Replacement Therapy
Insulin Replacement Therapy Insulin replacement therapy and type 1 and 2 diabetes Type 1 diabetes (also called insulin-dependent diabetes) is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks the cells that produce insulin, resulting in no, or a low amount of, insulin. Type 1 diabetes usually occurs at a younger age, with onset often before the age of 30. Treatment for type 1 diabetes includes daily injections of insulin. Type 2 diabetes is typically a result of the body's inability to mak...
Maintaining Weight Loss
Maintaining Weight Loss Benefits of maintaining weight loss While losing weight is difficult for many people, it is even more challenging to keep weight off. Most individuals who lose a large amount of weight regain it two to three years later. One theory about regaining lost weight is that people who decrease their caloric intake to lose weight experience a drop in their metabolic rate, making it increasingly difficult to lose weight over a period of months. A lower metabolic rate may also make it easi...
Meal Planning
Meal Planning The importance of meal planning in diabetes management Blood sugar levels can be controlled to a certain extent with proper diet, exercise, and healthy weight maintenance. A healthy lifestyle can also help control or lower blood pressure and control blood fats, thus reducing the risk for heart disease. Proper meal planning should include spacing out smaller meals throughout the day to maintain steady blood sugar levels. Eating a big meal only once or twice a day can cause extreme high or l...
Medical Treatment for Obesity
Medical Treatment for Obesity Medical treatment overview Treatment by a doctor may be necessary when an individual's own efforts to lose weight have failed and/or when coexisting medical conditions make it crucial for a person to lose weight. Prescription medication may be necessary for those with obesity-related health problems. Many people take over-the-counter supplements in an attempt to lose weight. However, to ensure long-term success, behavioral weight loss measures are an important part of any w...
Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic Syndrome What is metabolic syndrome? Metabolic syndrome is a condition that includes the presence of a cluster of risk factors specific for cardiovascular disease. According to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), metabolic syndrome significantly raises the risk of developing diabetes, heart disease, and/or stroke. Most people who have metabolic syndrome have insulin resistance. The body makes insulin to move glucose (sugar) into cells for use as energy. Obesity, commonly found...
Obesity
Obesity Obesity has a far-ranging negative effect on health. People who are overweight or obese are at increased risk for developing many different health conditions, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and bone and joint disease. Listed in the directory below are some topics related to obesity, for which we have provided a brief overview. Overview of Obesity Treatment of Obesity Obesity Treatment Overview Medical Treatment for Obesity Surgical Treatment for Obesity Gastric Bypass (Malabsorptive) ...
Obesity Treatment Overview
Obesity Treatment Overview Treatment goals Regardless of the type or combination of obesity treatment, goal setting is an important part of any obesity treatment plan. While a person may want to lose a large amount of weight because of societal or fashion reasons, it is important to realize that setting and achieving a goal of reducing weight by as little as 5 to 10 percent of body weight will yield important, positive gains in health. Treatment goals work best if they are individualized. For example, i...
Online Resources - Diabetes
Online Resources - Diabetes The content provided here is for informational purposes only, and was not designed to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease, or replace the professional medical advice you receive from your health care provider. Please consult your health care provider with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition. This page contains links to other Internet sites with information about diabetes. We hope you find these sites helpful, but please remember we do not...
Oral Medications
Oral Medications Oral medication for persons with type 2 diabetes People with type 2 diabetes may need to take one or more types of diabetes pills to lower their blood sugar. There are many types of diabetes pills and each type has a specific action. Diabetic pills that lower the blood sugar levels include the following types: Biguanides Biguanides decrease the amount of sugar produced in the liver and also lower the amount of blood glucose by making it easier for muscle tissue to absorb glucose. Sulfon...
Overview of Clinical Complications of Diabetes
Overview of Clinical Complications of Diabetes What are the clinical complications associated with diabetes? Clinical complications associated with diabetes may include the following: Cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease, in many cases, is caused by atherosclerosis—an excess buildup of plaque on the inner wall of a blood vessel that restricts the flow of blood. Heart disease is the leading cause of diabetes-related deaths. Heart disease and stroke are two to four times more common in people wi...
Overview of Obesity
Overview of Obesity Facts about obesity Overweight and obesity together make up a leading preventable cause of death in the U.S. Obesity is a chronic disease that can seriously affect your health. Overweight means that you have extra body weight, and obesity means having a high amount of extra body fat. Being overweight or obese raises your risk for health problems, including coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. Public health experts agree that overweight and obesity have reached epidemi...
Preventing Obesity
Preventing Obesity in Children and Teens Facts about prevention Obesity is a chronic disease affecting increasing numbers of children and adolescents as well as adults. Obesity rates among children in the U.S. have doubled since 1980 and have tripled for adolescents. About 17 percent of children aged 2 to 19 are considered overweight compared to over 66 percent of adults who are considered overweight or obese. Earlier onset of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity-related depression in ch...
Sodium and People with Diabetes
Sodium and People with Diabetes Sodium and diabetes The average American consumes about 6 to 18 grams (or 1 to 3 teaspoons) of ordinary table salt (or sodium chloride) each day. People with diabetes are encouraged to limit the sodium in their diets to help prevent or to control high blood pressure. The 2010 recommendations by the U.S. Department of Agriculture instruct you to limit your sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg per day. The recommended daily sodium intake is 1,500 mg for African-Americans and...
Surgical Treatment for Obesity
Surgical Treatment for Obesity Weight-loss surgery, also called bariatric surgery, is the only option today that may effectively treat morbid obesity in people for whom more conservative measures such as diet, exercise, and medication have failed. A variety of approaches to bariatric surgery is available, but all procedures are either malabsorptive, restrictive, or a combination of the two. Malabsorptive procedures change the way the digestive system works. Restrictive procedures are those that severely...
Topic Index - Diabetes
Topic Index - Diabetes Diabetes Home Facts About Diabetes Statistics About Diabetes Forms of Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Gestational Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosing Diabetes Complications of Diabetes Overview of Clinical Complications Associated with Diabetes Diabetic Nephropathy (Kidney Disease) Diabetic Neuropathy (Nerve Problems) Diabetic Foot Problems Diabetic Retinopathy and Other Eye Problems Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar) Diabetes and Heart Disease Diabetes and High Blood Pres...
Treatment and Management of Diabetes
Treatment and Management of Diabetes A person with diabetes must take many things into consideration in order to properly manage his or her condition. Listed in the directory below are some, for which we have provided a brief overview. Treatment of Diabetes Glucose Monitoring Oral Medications Insulin Replacement Therapy Meal Planning Alcohol Use and People with Diabetes Sodium and People with Diabetes Healthy Cooking Tips for People with Diabetes
Treatment of Diabetes
Treatment of Diabetes What is the treatment for diabetes? Specific treatment for diabetes will be determined by your doctor based on: Your age, overall health, and medical history Type of diabetes Extent of the disease Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies Expectations for the course of the disease Your opinion or preference Treatment may include: Type 1 diabetes. People with type 1 diabetes no longer produce insulin, and they must have insulin injections to use the glucose, ...
Treatment of Obesity
Treatment of Obesity Because obesity is a serious, chronic disease that can inflict substantial harm to a person's health, treatment is very important. A variety of methods are used to treat obesity. Incorporating multiple methods, such as making diet changes as well as adding exercise, may be beneficial. Obesity Treatment Overview Medical Treatment for Obesity Surgical Treatment for Obesity Gastric Bypass (Malabsorptive) Surgery Gastric Stapling (Restrictive) Surgery
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes What is type 1 diabetes? Type 1 diabetes may also be known by a variety of other names, including the following: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) Juvenile diabetes Brittle diabetes Sugar diabetes There are two forms of type 1 diabetes: Idiopathic type 1 diabetes. This refers to rare forms of the disease with no known cause. Immune-mediated diabetes. An autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system destroys, or attempts to destroy, the cells in the pancreas that produce ...
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes What is type 2 diabetes? Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder resulting from the body's inability to make enough, or to properly use, insulin. It used to be called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Without adequate production or utilization of insulin, the body cannot move blood sugar into the cells. It is a chronic disease that has no known cure. It is the most common type of diabetes. What is prediabetes? Type 2 diabetes is commonly preceded by prediabetes. In prediab...
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96150
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