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Diseases & Conditions- Adult Health Library
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Orthopaedic Disorders
Arthritis
Arthritis What is arthritis? Arthritis and other rheumatic diseases are characterized by pain, swelling, and limited movement in joints and connective tissues in the body. According to the CDC, nearly 50 million people in the U.S. have some form of arthritis or chronic joint symptoms. Arthritis, which literally means inflammation of a joint (where two or more bones meet), actually refers to more than 100 different diseases. Rheumatic diseases include any diseases that cause pain, stiffness, and swelling...
Arthroscopy
Arthroscopy What is an arthroscope? An arthroscope is a small tube that is inserted into the body that consists of a system of lenses, a small video camera, and a light for viewing. The camera is connected to a monitoring system that allows a surgeon to view the operation while it is being performed. The arthroscope is often used in conjunction with other tools that are generally inserted through another incision. These tools, unlike the arthroscope, are used for grasping, cutting, and probing. What is ...
Bursitis
Bursitis What is a bursa? A bursa is a closed, fluid-filled sac that functions as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body. The major bursae are located adjacent to the tendons near the large joints, such as in the shoulders, elbows, hips, and knees. When the bursa becomes inflamed, the condition is known as bursitis. Bursitis is usually a temporary condition. It may restrain motion, but generally does not cause deformity. What causes bursitis? The most common causes ...
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome What is carpal tunnel syndrome? Click Image to Enlarge Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition in which the median nerve is compressed as it passes through an opening from the wrist to the hand called the carpal tunnel. The carpal tunnel is formed by the carpal bones on the bottom of the wrist and the transverse carpal ligament across the top of the wrist. Since the median nerve provides sensory and motor functions to the thumb and three middle fingers, many symptoms may result. Fac...
Common Orthopedic Disorders
Common Orthopedic Disorders There are many conditions that affect our body's musculoskeletal system, that require clinical care by a physician or other healthcare professional. Listed in the directory below are some, for which we have provided a brief overview. Arthritis Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment for Arthritis Bursitis Elbow Pain and Problems Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's or Baseball Elbow) Fibromyalgia Foot Pain and Probl...
Cryotherapy (Cold Therapy) for Pain Management
Cryotherapy (Cold Therapy) for Pain Management Cryotherapy literally means cold therapy . The pain-relieving benefits of snow and ice were first written about by the Greek physician Hippocrates thousands of years ago. When you press a bag of frozen peas on a swollen ankle or knee, you are treating your pain with a modern (although basic) version of cryotherapy. Cryotherapy can be applied in various ways, including icepacks, coolant sprays, ice massage, and whirlpools. When used to treat injuries at home...
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome What is cubital tunnel syndrome? Click Image to Enlarge Cubital tunnel syndrome feels similar to the pain that occurs from hitting the "funny" bone in your elbow. The "funny" bone in the elbow is actually the ulnar nerve, a nerve that crosses the elbow (the ulnar nerve begins in the side of the neck and ends in the fingers). What causes cubital tunnel syndrome? Cubital tunnel syndrome occurs when the ulnar nerve, which passes through the cubital tunnel (a tunnel of muscle, ligame...
Elbow Pain and Problems
Elbow Pain and Problems Many types of elbow problems require clinical care by a physician or other health care professional. Listed in the directory below are some, for which we have provided a brief overview. Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's or Baseball Elbow)
Epidural Corticosteroid Injections
Epidural Corticosteroid Injections (Epidural steroid injections) Procedure overview In the simplest of terms, an epidural corticosteroid injection is a way to deliver pain medication quickly inside the body via a syringe. Epidural Injection (Click to Enlarge) The medication is delivered to the epidural area, which is a fat-filled area that covers the spinal cord and protects it and the surrounding nerves from damage. Sometimes the effect is temporary, but other times the benefits continue even after the...
Evaluation Procedures
Evaluation Procedures What are standard evaluation procedures? Before a treatment or rehabilitation protocol can be established, your orthopaedist must first determine the reason for, and source of, your condition. This typically involves a comprehensive physical examination and a detailed medical history profile, in addition to a complete history and description of the symptoms related to your condition. During this initial gathering of information, be sure to notify your doctor of any other illnesses,...
Exercise and the Aging Person
Exercise and the Aging Person Exercise benefits persons of all ages There are numerous benefits of following a regular exercise program - even for individuals who are challenged by such conditions as joint pain, back pain, arthritis, or osteoporosis - or individuals who are recovering from an injury or surgery (i.e., joint replacement, arthroscopy). Exercise has also been shown to be beneficial to people of all ages, as it helps to lower blood pressure, lower the risks of falls and serious injuries (suc...
Exercise: The Right Program and the Right Preparation
Exercise: The Right Program and the Right Preparation To be physically fit you do not have to exercise intensely for long periods of time. Experts agree that physical activity does not necessarily have to be vigorous, and recommend at least 30 minutes of moderate continuous physical activity daily, or on most days of the week. To achieve and maintain physical and cardiovascular fitness, health professionals advise following a balanced fitness program - a program that includes the following: If you have ...
Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia What is fibromyalgia? Fibromyalgia is a chronic, widespread pain in muscles and soft tissues surrounding the joints throughout the body. The disease is fairly common, affecting approximately 2 to 4 percent of the U.S. population, mostly middle-aged women. Although its symptoms are similar to other joint diseases, such as arthritis, fibromyalgia is actually a form of soft tissue or muscular rheumatism that causes pain in the muscles and soft tissues. What causes or triggers fibromyalgia? Alt...
Foot Pain and Problems
Foot Pain and Problems Click Image to Enlarge Anatomy of the foot The foot is one of the most complex parts of the body, consisting of 26 bones connected by numerous joints, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. The foot is susceptible to many stresses. Foot problems can cause pain, inflammation, or injury, resulting in limited movement and mobility. What are the different types of foot problems? Foot pain is often caused by improper foot function. Improperly fitted shoes can worsen and, in some cases, cause...
Fractures
Fractures What is a fracture? A fracture is a partial or complete break in the bone. When a fracture occurs, it is classified as either open or closed: Open fracture (also called compound fracture). The bone exits and is visible through the skin, or a deep wound that exposes the bone through the skin. Closed fracture (also called simple fracture). The bone is broken, but the skin is intact. Fractures have a variety of names. Below is a listing of the common types that may occur: Greenstick. This is an i...
Glossary - Orthopedic Surgery
Glossary - Orthopedic Surgery | A | | B | | C | | D | | E | | F | | G | | H | | I | | J | | K | | L | | M | | N | | O | | P | | Q | | R | | S | | T | | U | | V | | W | | X | | Y | | Z | A [return to top] ankylosing spondylitis - a disease that affects the spine, causing the bones of the spine to grow together. anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) - the ligament, located in the center of the knee, that controls rotation and forward movement of the tibia (shin bone). anterolateral shin splint - a type of shin...
Hand Pain and Problems
Hand Pain and Problems Anatomy of the hand The hand is composed of many different bones, muscles, and ligaments that allow for a large amount of movement and dexterity. There are three major types of bones in the hand itself, including the following: Click Image to Enlarge Phalanges. The 14 bones that are found in the fingers of each hand and also in the toes of each foot. Each finger has three phalanges (the distal, middle, and proximal); the thumb only has two. Metacarpal bones. The five bones that co...
Hip Fracture
Hip Fracture What is a hip fracture? Click Image to Enlarge A hip fracture is a break in the femur (thigh bone) of the hip joint. Joints are areas where two or more bones meet. The hip joint is a "ball and socket" joint where the femur meets the pelvic bone. The ball part of the hip joint is the head of the femur, and the socket is a cup-like structure in the pelvic bone called the acetabulum. Hip fracture is a serious injury and requires immediate medical attention. What are the different types of hip ...
Hip Replacement Surgery
Hip Replacement Surgery What is hip replacement surgery? Click Image to Enlarge Hip replacement, also called total hip arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure to replace a worn out or damaged hip with an artificial joint (prosthesis). This surgery may be considered following a hip fracture (breaking of the bone) or for someone who has severe pain due to arthritis. Hundreds of thousands of artificial hip replacement surgeries are performed yearly. Hip replacement may become necessary if activities such as ...
Home Page - Orthopedic Surgery
Topic Index Overview of Orthopedics / The Orthopedic Team Common Orthopedic Disorders Evaluation Procedures Treatment Plans Sports Injuries Glossary Orthopedics is the branch of medicine concerned with diseases, injuries, and conditions of the musculoskeletal system, or the body's muscles and skeleton, including the joints, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. Orthopedic surgery is made up of doctors and other health care professionals who provide comprehensive orthopedic services. Their expertise provides t...
Ice Packs vs. Warm Compresses For Pain
Ice Packs vs. Warm Compresses For Pain It can sometimes be confusing whether to use heat or cold when treating sore muscles or an injury, but keep these facts in mind. Heat: Brings more blood to the area where it is applied. Reduces joint stiffness and muscle spasm, which makes it useful when muscles are tight. Helps to resolve inflammation. Types of warm packs or pads Warm towel Dampen a towel with warm (not scalding) water. Apply to the affected area to relieve muscle spasm. Heating pad Be sure to pro...
Injectable Corticosteroids
Injectable Corticosteroids Corticosteroids are potent drugs used to reduce inflammation in the body's tissues. They are different from anabolic steroids, which some athletes use illegally to increase muscle tone. Corticosteroids can come in several forms: pills, liquids, creams, ointments, medications sprayed into the nose, and injectable medications. Corticosteroid injections can treat a variety of skeletal, muscular, and spinal conditions. Some of these injections can be done by your health care provi...
Joint Replacement Surgery
Joint Replacement Surgery What is joint replacement surgery? Click Image to Enlarge Joint replacement, a surgical procedure to remove and replace an arthritic or damaged joint with an artificial joint (called a prosthesis), may be considered only after other treatment options have failed to provide adequate relief from pain and/or disability. More than 230,000 primary total hip replacements and more than 540,000 total knee replacements are performed in the United States annually. When preparing for join...
Knee Pain and Problems
Knee Pain and Problems Brief anatomy of the knee The knee is a vulnerable joint that bears a great deal of stress from everyday activities, such as lifting and kneeling, and from high-impact activities such as jogging and aerobics. The knee is formed by the following parts: Tibia. This is the shin bone or larger bone of the lower leg. Femur. This is the thighbone or upper leg bone. Patella . This is the kneecap. Click Image to Enlarge Each bone end is covered with a layer of cartilage that absorbs shock...
Knee Replacement Surgery
Knee Replacement Surgery When a knee is so severely damaged by disease or injury, an artificial knee replacement may be considered. During knee replacement surgery, joint surfaces are substituted or replaced by prostheses. Nearly 600,000 knee replacement surgeries are performed annually in the U.S. The most common age for knee replacement is between ages 60 to 80 years old. Who might be a candidate for knee replacement? Click Image to Enlarge The most common condition that results in the need for knee r...
Kyphosis
Kyphosis What is kyphosis? A normal spine, when viewed from behind appears straight. However, a spine affected by kyphosis shows evidence of a forward curvature of the back bones (vertebrae) in the upper back area, giving an abnormally rounded or "humpback" appearance. Click Image to Enlarge Kyphosis is defined as a curvature of the spine measuring 50 degrees or greater on an X-ray (a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and orga...
Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)
Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) What is lateral epicondylitis? Click Image to Enlarge Lateral epicondylitis, also known as tennis elbow, is characterized by pain on the outside (lateral side) of the elbow. The pain is caused by damage to the tendons that bend the wrist backward away from the palm. A tendon is a tough cord of tissue that connects muscles to bones. The tendon most likely involved in tennis elbow is called the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, and this condition is usually diagnosed in ...
Ligament Injuries to the Knee
Ligament Injuries to the Knee What are knee ligaments? There are four major ligaments in the knee. Ligaments are elastic bands of tissue that connect bones to each other and provide stability and strength to the joint. The four main ligaments in the knee connect the femur (thighbone) to the tibia (shin bone), and include the following: Click Image to Enlarge Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The ligament, located in the center of the knee, that controls rotation and forward movement of the tibia (shin b...
Low Back Pain
Low Back Pain What is low back pain? Click Image to Enlarge Low back pain can range from mild, dull, annoying pain, to persistent, severe, disabling pain in the lower back. Pain in the lower back can restrict mobility and interfere with normal functioning. Low back pain is one of the most significant health problems facing society today. Consider these statistics from the National Institutes of Health: Eight out of ten people have back pain at some time in their life. Back pain is a commo...
Lumbar Strain (Weight Lifter's Back)
Lumbar Strain (Weight Lifter's Back) What is a lumbar strain? A lumbar strain is an injury to the lower back, which results in damaged tendons and muscles that spasm and feel sore. What causes a lumbar strain? Click Image to Enlarge Trauma can injure the tendons and muscles in the lower back. Pushing and pulling sports, such as weight lifting or football, can lead to a lumbar strain. In addition, sports that require sudden twisting of the lower back, such as in tennis, basketball, baseball, and golf, ca...
Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's and Baseball Elbow)
Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's and Baseball Elbow) What is medial epicondylitis? Click Image to Enlarge Medial epicondylitis, also known as golfer's elbow, baseball elbow, suitcase elbow, or forehand tennis elbow, is characterized by pain from the elbow to the wrist on the inside (medial side) of the elbow. The pain is caused by damage to the tendons that bend the wrist toward the palm. A tendon is a tough cord of tissue that connects muscles to bones. What causes medial epicondylitis? Medial epicondyli...
Neck Pain and Problems
Neck Pain and Problems What is neck pain? The neck is located between the head and the shoulders. Because of its location and range-of-motion, it is often left unprotected and subject to injury. What causes neck pain? Neck pain can result from many different causes--from injury, to age-related disorders, or inflammatory disease. Causes of neck pain and problems may include the following: Injury (damage to the muscles, tendons, and/or ligaments) Herniated cervical disk Arthritis (i.e., osteoarthritis, rh...
Online Resources - Orthopedic Surgery
Online Resources - Orthopedic Surgery The content provided here is for informational purposes only, and was not designed to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease, or replace the professional medical advice you receive from your health care provider. Please consult your health care provider with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition. This page contains links to other Internet sites with information about orthopedics. We hope you find these sites helpful, but please remem...
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis What is osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis, is a chronic degenerative joint disease that affects mostly middle-aged and older adults. Osteoarthritis is characterized by the breakdown of joint cartilage. Although it can occur in any joint, usually it affects the hands, knees, hips, or spine. The disease is also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease. Click Image to Enlarge What causes osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis can be classified as ...
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis What is osteoporosis? Osteoporosis, or porous bone, is a disease in which there is a loss of bone mass and destruction of bone tissue. This process causes weakening of the bones and makes them more likely to break. The bones most often affected are the hips, spine, and wrists. Who is affected by osteoporosis? Osteoporosis affects over 10 million Americans over the age of 50, with women four times more likely to develop osteoporosis than men. Another 34 million Americans over the age of 50 h...
Overview of Sports Injuries
Overview of Sports Injuries Facts about sports injuries Sports injuries are common daily occurrences in the U.S. Most sports injuries are due to either traumatic injury or overuse of muscles or joints. Many sports injuries can be prevented with proper conditioning and training, wearing appropriate protective gear, and using proper equipment. Sports and soft-tissue injuries Most sports injuries are due to minor trauma involving soft-tissue injuries--injuries that affect the muscles, ligaments, and/or ten...
Paget Disease of the Bone
Paget Disease of the Bone What is Paget disease of the bone? Paget disease of the bone is a chronic bone disorder in which bones become enlarged and deformed. Bone may become dense, but fragile, because of excessive breakdown and deformation of bone. The disease is the most common bone disorder after osteoporosis in people over age 50. What causes Paget disease of the bone? The exact cause of Paget disease of the bone is unknown, but it is suggested to be due to a slow viral infection of bone and may in...
Patellar Tendonitis (Jumper's Knee)
Patellar Tendonitis (Jumper's Knee) What is jumper's knee? Click Image to Enlarge Jumper's knee, also known as patellar tendonitis, is a condition characterized by inflammation of the patellar tendon, which connects the kneecap to shin bone (tibia). The condition may be caused by overuse of the knee joint, such as frequent jumping on hard surfaces. What are the symptoms of jumper's knee? The following are the most common symptoms of jumper's knee. However, each individual may experience symptoms differe...
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (Runner's Knee)
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (Runner's Knee) What is runner's knee? Click Image to Enlarge Runner's knee, also known as patellofemoral pain syndrome, is a condition characterized by dull pain around the front of the knee (patella), where it connects with the lower end of the thigh bone (femur). What causes runner's knee? Runner's knee may be caused by a structural defect, or a certain way of walking or running. Other causes may include: A kneecap that is located too high in the knee joint Weak thigh mus...
Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps
Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pumps Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a method of pain management that allows you to decide when you will get a dose of pain medication. In some situations, PCA may be a better way of providing pain relief than calling for assistance. You don't need to wait for a nurse, and you can get smaller doses of pain medicine more frequently. With this type of pain treatment, a needle attached to an intravenous (IV) line is placed into one of your veins. A computerized pump atta...
Preventing Sports Injuries
Preventing Sports Injuries Most sports injuries are the result of inadequate training in certain sports, structural defects in the body, and weaknesses in the body. Many people who start exercising after being sedentary sustain a sports injury. However, with the proper precautions, sports injuries can often be prevented. How can I prevent a sports injury? The following are some basic steps to prevent a sports injury: Warm up properly before any physical activity. Alternate exercising different muscle gr...
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis What is rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease that causes inflammation of the joints. The inflammation can become so severe that the function and appearance of the hands, as well as other parts of the body, can become affected. In the hand, rheumatoid arthritis may cause deformities in the joints of the fingers, making movement difficult. Lumps, known as rheumatoid nodules, may form over small joints in the hands and the wrist. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis...
Scoliosis
Scoliosis What is scoliosis? Click Image to Enlarge A normal spine, when viewed from behind, appears straight. However, a spine affected by scoliosis shows evidence of a lateral, or side-to-side curvature, with the spine looking like an "S" or "C" and a rotation of the back bones (vertebrae), giving the appearance that the person is leaning to one side. According to the Scoliosis Research Society, scoliosis is defined as a curvature of the spine measuring 10 degrees or greater. Scoliosis is a type of sp...
Shin Splints
Shin Splints What are shin splints? Shin splints refers to pain and tenderness along or just behind the large bone in the lower leg (the tibia). Shin splints, also called medial tibia stress syndrome, usually develop after rigorous exercise, sports, or repetitive activity. This repetitive activity can lead to inflammation of the muscles, tendons, and thin layer of tissue covering the bone (the periosteum) of the tibia, causing pain. What are the symptoms of shin splints? The following are the most commo...
Shoulder Pain and Problems
Shoulder Pain and Problems What is the shoulder? The shoulder is made up of several layers, including the following: Click Image to Enlarge Bones. The collarbone (clavicle), the shoulder blade (scapula), and the upper arm bone (humerus). Joints. Facilitate movement, including the following: Sternoclavicular joint (where the clavicle meets the sternum) Acromioclavicular (AC) joint (where the clavicle meets the acromion) Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint). A ball-and-socket joint that facilitates forward...
Soft-Tissue Injuries
Soft-Tissue Injuries What are soft-tissue injuries? Many activities can lead to soft-tissue damage of muscles, ligaments, and tendons. The result can be pain, swelling, bruising, and damage. Soft-tissue injuries are classified as the following: Contusions (bruises) Sprains Tendonitis Bursitis Stress injuries Strains Athletes and nonathletes share many similar soft-tissue injuries. What is a contusion? A contusion (bruise) is an injury to the soft tissue often produced by a blunt force, such as a kick, f...
Sports and Fractures
Sports and Fractures Fractures are breaks in the bone that are often caused by a blow or a fall. A fracture may be classified as a simple fracture (a thin fracture that may not run through the entire bone), or a compound fracture, in which the broken bone protrudes through the skin. Symptoms may include tenderness over the bone, swelling of the affected area, deformity of the limb, and increased pain with movement. What are stress fractures? Click Image to Enlarge Stress fractures are weak spots or smal...
Sports Injuries
Sports Injuries Many sports injuries require clinical care by a physician or other health care professional. Listed below are some, for which we have provided a brief overview. Overview of Sports Injuries Exercise Exercise and the Aging Person Lumbar Strain (Weight Lifter's Back) Patellar Tendonitis (Jumper's Knee) Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome (Runner's Knee) Preventing Sports Injuries Sports and Fractures Shin Splints
Sympathetic Nerve Blocks for Pain
Sympathetic Nerve Blocks for Pain A sympathetic nerve block can be an effective method for controlling chronic pain. This therapy targets the sympathetic nervous system, a series of nerves that spread out from your spine to your body to help control several involuntary body functions, or body functions that you have no control over. These include blood flow, digestion, and sweating. When is a nerve block needed? A sympathetic nerve block can be used to diagnose or treat pain involving the nerves of the ...
The Orthopedic Treatment Team
The Orthopedic Treatment Team What is orthopedics? The word orthopedic comes from two Greek words: Ortho meaning straight Paedia meaning children Orthopedic surgery is the branch of medicine concerned with diseases, injuries, and conditions of the musculoskeletal system relating to the body's muscles and skeleton, and including the joints, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. Who treats orthopedic conditions? Orthopedic conditions may be treated by your doctor and/or other medical specialists and health are ...
Topic Index - Orthopedic Disorders
Topic Index - Orthopedic Disorders Orthopedic Surgery Home The Orthopedic Treatment Team Common Orthopedic Disorders Arthritis Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment for Arthritis Bursitis Elbow Pain and Problems Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow) Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's or Baseball Elbow) Fibromyalgia Foot Pain and Problems Fractures Hip Fracture Low Back Pain Hand Pain and Problems Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Knee Pain and Problems Ligament Injuries to the Knee Torn ...
Torn Meniscus
Torn Meniscus What is a torn meniscus? Click Image to Enlarge The ends of the three bones in the knee--the femur, tibia, and patella--are covered with cartilage (a smooth material that covers bone ends of a joint to cushion the bone and allow the joint to move easily without pain) that acts as a shock absorber. Between the bones of the knees are two crescent-shaped discs of connective tissue, called menisci, which also act as shock absorbers to cushion the lower part of the leg from the weight of the re...
Treatment for Arthritis
Treatment for Arthritis How is arthritis treated? Unfortunately, there is no cure for arthritis. The goal of treatment is often to limit pain and inflammation, while ensuring optimal joint function. Each treatment plan designed by a doctor should be specifically tailored to the individual's type of arthritis, as well as the severity of the condition. Treatment plans often involve both short-term and long-term relief approaches, including the following: Short-term relief Medications. Short-term relief fo...
Treatment Plans
Treatment Plans After a comprehensive evaluation of the disorder, the orthopedist will make recommendations for a treatment plan, based on some of the following criteria: your age, overall health, and medical history extent of the disease, injury, or condition your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies expectations for the course of the disease, injury, or condition your opinion or preference For most orthopedic disorders and injuries, there is more than one form of treatment that...
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