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Diseases & Conditions- Adult Health Library
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Women's Health
Amenorrhea
Amenorrhea What is amenorrhea? Amenorrhea is a menstrual condition characterized by absent menstrual periods for more than three monthly menstrual cycles. Amenorrhea may be classified as primary or secondary: Primary amenorrhea. From the beginning and usually lifelong; menstruation never begins at puberty. Secondary amenorrhea. Due to some physical cause and usually of later onset; a condition in which menstrual periods which were at one time normal and regular become increasingly abnormal and irregular...
Anatomy of the Breasts
Anatomy of the Breasts Click Image to Enlarge Each breast has 15 to 20 sections, called lobes , that are arranged like the petals of a daisy. Each lobe has many smaller lobules , which end in dozens of tiny bulbs that can produce milk. The lobes, lobules, and bulbs are all linked by thin tubes called ducts . These ducts lead to the nipple in the center of a dark area of skin called the areola . Click Image to Enlarge Fat fills the spaces between lobules and ducts. There are no muscles in the breast, but...
Anatomy of the Urinary System
Anatomy of the Urinary System Click Image to Enlarge How do the kidneys and urinary system work? The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. After the body has taken the food components that it needs, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood. The kidney and urinary systems help the body to eliminate liquid waste called urea, and to keep chemicals, such as potassium and sodium, and water in balance. Urea is produced when foods containing protein, such as meat, poul...
Bone Density Test
Bone Density Test Some women are at greater risk for osteoporosis—the decrease of bone mass and density as a result of the depletion of bone calcium and protein—than others. Your doctor can help you determine your risk of developing osteoporosis by taking your personal and family medical history, and by performing a bone density test or bone mass measurement. What is a bone density test? A bone density test, also known as bone mass measurement or bone mineral density test, measures the strength and dens...
Breast Health
Breast Health Breast development occurs in distinct stages throughout a woman's life, first before birth, and again at puberty and during the childbearing years. Changes also occur to the breasts during menstruation and when a woman reaches menopause. Listed in the directory below you will find some additional information regarding breast health, for which we have provided a brief overview. Anatomy of the Breasts Normal Breast Development Three-Step Plan for Preventive Care How to Perform a Breast Self-...
Breast Health: Three-Step Plan for Preventive Care
Breast Health: Three-Step Plan for Preventive Care The thought of having breast cancer is frightening to everyone, and especially devastating to women. However, ignoring the possibility that you may develop breast cancer or avoiding the processes to detect cancer can be dangerous. Although there are some women who are at higher risk, the fact is that all women are at risk for breast cancer. That's why it's so important to follow this three-step plan for preventive care. Although breast cancer can't be p...
Breast Infections and Inflammations
Breast Infections and Inflammations What is lactational mastitis? Click Image to Enlarge The most common type of breast infection is lactational mastitis. With this condition, which occurs when a woman is breastfeeding, the nipples become cracked and sore, allowing bacteria from the baby's mouth to enter the ducts and rapidly multiply in the milk. Occasionally, infection also arises from a blocked milk duct. In both cases, the breast becomes hard, reddened, hot, and painful. Treatment for lactational ma...
Cervicitis
Cervicitis What is cervicitis? Click Image to Enlarge Cervicitis is an irritation of the cervix caused by a number of different organisms. Cervicitis is generally classified as either acute, meaning the onset of symptoms is severe and sudden, or chronic, lasting over a period of months or longer. Cervicitis is often caused by any of a number of sexually transmitted infections, such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, or herpes, and is often confused with vaginitis. What are the symptoms of cervicitis? The followin...
Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal Cancer What is colorectal cancer? Colorectal cancer is malignant cells found in the colon or rectum. The colon and the rectum are parts of the large intestine, which is part of the digestive system. Because colon cancer and rectal cancers have many features in common, they are sometimes referred to together as colorectal cancer. Cancerous tumors found in the colon or rectum also may spread to other parts of the body. Excluding skin cancers, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in...
Common Benign Lumps
Common Benign Lumps What are some common types of benign breast lumps? Click Image to Enlarge Two of the most common causes of benign single breast lumps are cysts and fibroadenomas. In addition, there are several other conditions that can present themselves as lumps, such as fat necrosis and sclerosing adenosis. What is a cyst? A cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops in the breast tissue. Such cysts typically occur in women between the ages of 35 and 50 and are most common in those approaching menop...
Common Breast Conditions
Common Breast Conditions A woman can and probably will experience a number of benign (noncancerous) breast conditions during her lifetime. In the directory below, you will find additional information on breast conditions, for which we have provided a brief overview. If you cannot find the condition in which you are interested, please visit the Breast Health Online Resources page in this website for an Internet address that may contain additional information on that topic. Mastalgia (Breast Pain) Common ...
Components of Food
Components of Food If you are trying to make heart-healthy changes to your lifestyle and diet, it is helpful to know some basics about nutrition, starting with the components of food. Facts about calories: You need enough calories to maintain your energy level, but no more than you can burn off. This is called an energy balance. If you take in more calories than you burn, you gain weight. If you take in fewer calories than you burn, you lose weight. If you balance the two, you maintain your weight. Even...
Contraception / Birth Control
Contraception / Birth Control What is birth control? Birth control refers to any activity, medication, or equipment used to prevent pregnancy. There are many types of birth control available for women who do not wish to become pregnant. The decision on which method is right for you should be made with your health care provider, as well as with your partner. Birth control methods work in different ways to prevent pregnancy, including: Creating a barrier that blocks sperm from reaching the egg Killing spe...
Depression
Depression What is depression? A depressive disorder is a whole-body illness, involving the body, mood, and thoughts, and affects the way a person eats and sleeps, feels about himself or herself, and thinks about things. It is not the same as being unhappy or in a blue mood. Nor is it a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed or wished away. People with a depressive illness cannot merely "pull themselves together" and get better. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months...
Diabetes (Type 1, 2, and Gestational)
Diabetes (Type 1, 2, and Gestational) What is type 1 diabetes? Type 1 diabetes may also be known by a variety of other names, including the following: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) Juvenile diabetes Brittle diabetes Sugar diabetes There are two forms of type 1 diabetes: Idiopathic type 1 diabetes. This refers to rare forms of the disease with no known cause. Immune-mediated diabetes. An autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system destroys, or attempts to destroy, the cells in the ...
Diagnosing Benign (Noncancerous) Breast Conditions
Diagnosing Benign (Noncancerous) Breast Conditions How are benign breast conditions and infections diagnosed? In addition to obtaining a complete medical history, your health care provider, in diagnosing a breast condition, may: Perform a complete physical examination to: Locate any lump and feel its characteristics (i.e., texture, size, and relationship to the skin and chest muscles). Look for changes in the nipples or the skin of the breast. Check lymph nodes under the arm and above the collarbones. R...
Domestic Violence
Domestic Violence What is domestic violence? Domestic violence is a term used to describe violence and abuse by family members or intimate partners such as a spouse, former spouse, boyfriend or girlfriend, ex-boyfriend or ex-girlfriend, or date. Other terms used for domestic violence include the following: Intimate partner abuse Family violence Child abuse Battering Courtship violence Marital rape Date rape Stalking Domestic violence can take many forms, but involves using intimidation and threats or vi...
Dysmenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea What is dysmenorrhea? Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual condition characterized by severe and frequent menstrual cramps and pain associated with menstruation. Dysmenorrhea may be classified as primary or secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea - from the beginning and usually lifelong; severe and frequent menstrual cramping caused by severe and abnormal uterine contractions. Secondary dysmenorrhea - due to some physical cause and usually of later onset; painful menstrual periods caused by an another medi...
Endometriosis
Endometriosis Statistics related to endometriosis Endometriosis is a common gynecological condition, particularly among women of childbearing age, affecting an estimated 2 to 10 percent of American women in this age group. Endometriosis can be a debilitating disease for some women who experience ongoing pain, while others may be asymptomatic. It is also a factor in infertility. According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, endometriosis can be found in 24 percent to 50 percent of women wh...
Estrogen's Effects on the Female Body
Estrogen's Effects on the Female Body Click Image to Enlarge What is estrogen? Estrogen is a group of hormones that play an important role in the normal sexual and reproductive development in women. They are also called sex hormones. The woman's ovaries produce most estrogen hormones, although the adrenal glands also produce small amounts of the hormones. In addition to regulating the menstrual cycle, estrogen affects the reproductive tract, the urinary tract, the heart and blood vessels, bones, breasts...
Exercise
Exercise Finding the right exercise program and the right preparation To be physically fit, you do not have to exercise intensely for long periods of time. Experts agree that physical activity does not necessarily have to be vigorous, and they recommend at least 30 minutes of moderate continuous physical activity daily, or on most days of the week. To achieve and maintain physical and cardiovascular fitness, health professionals advise following a balanced fitness program: If you have an existing medica...
Exercise and the Aging Person
Exercise and the Aging Person Exercise benefits persons of all ages There are numerous benefits of following a regular exercise program - even for individuals who are challenged by such conditions as joint pain, back pain, arthritis, or osteoporosis - or individuals who are recovering from an injury or surgery (i.e., joint replacement, arthroscopy). Exercise has also been shown to be beneficial to people of all ages, as it helps to lower blood pressure, lower the risks of falls and serious injuries (suc...
Fibrocystic Breast Changes
Fibrocystic Breast Changes What are some common fibrocystic breast changes? Generalized breast lumpiness is known under many different names, such as "fibrocystic disease" and "fibroid breasts." Many of these are misnomers since physicians and researchers now believe that these are just part of the breast changes which many women undergo throughout the various stages of their lives. Many physicians feel that this term has become a catchphrase for general breast lumpiness. What do fibrocystic changes fee...
Frequently Asked Questions: Mammograms
Frequently Asked Questions: Mammograms What are the benefits of screening mammography? Today's high-quality screening mammogram is the most effective tool available to detect breast cancer before lumps can be felt or symptoms appear. Early detection of breast cancer not only helps provide a woman with more options, but also increases her chances of having the best possible outcome. Is there a risk of radiation exposure from having regular mammograms? You may want to ask your doctor about the amount of r...
Gastric Bypass (Malabsorptive) Surgery
Gastric Bypass (Malabsorptive) Surgery (Malabsorptive Procedure, Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass, Biliopancreatic Diversion) What is gastric bypass surgery? Gastric bypass surgery, a type of bariatric surgery (weight loss surgery), is a surgical procedure that alters the process of digestion. Bariatric surgery is the only option today that effectively treats morbid obesity in people for whom more conservative measures such as diet, exercise, and medication have failed. There are several types of gastric bypass...
Gastric Stapling (Restrictive) Surgery
Gastric Stapling (Restrictive) Surgery (Gastric Banding Surgery, Adjustable Gastric Banding, Vertical Banded Gastroplasty) What is gastric stapling (restrictive) surgery? Gastric stapling (restrictive) surgery is a type of bariatric surgery (weight loss surgery) procedure performed to limit the amount of food a person can eat. Bariatric surgery is the only option today that effectively treats morbid obesity in people for whom more conservative measures, such as diet, exercise, and medication have failed...
Glossary - Women's Health
Glossary - Women's Health | A | | B | | C | | D | | E | | F | | G | | H | | I | | J | | K | | L | | M | | N | | O | | P | | Q | | R | | S | | T | | U | | V | | W | | X | | Y | | Z | A [return to top] Abdominal hysterectomy - the uterus is removed through the abdomen via a surgical incision. Abortion - medical termination of a pregnancy. Adhesion - a band of scar tissue that joins normally separated internal body structures, most often after surgery, inflammation, or injury in the area. Adrenal glands - ...
Gynecologic Inflammations and Infections
Gynecologic Inflammations and Infections There are many different gynecological inflammations and infections that require the clinical care of a physician or another healthcare professional. It is very important for a woman to seek medical care to determine the type of infection present and the appropriate treatment. Gynecological inflammations and infections can originate in either the lower or upper reproductive tract. Common infections include: Lower reproductive tract Vulvitis Vaginitis Upper reprod...
Gynecological Anatomy
Gynecological Anatomy Click Image to Enlarge Endometrium— the lining of the uterus Uterus— also called the womb, the uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ located in a woman's lower abdomen, between the bladder and the rectum Ovaries— two female reproductive organs located in the pelvis Cervix— the lower, narrow part of the uterus (womb) located between the bladder and the rectum. It forms a canal that opens into the vagina, which leads to the outside of the body Vagina— the passageway through which flu...
Gynecological Concerns
Gynecological Concerns Many gynecological conditions require clinical care by a physician or other health care professional. Listed in the directory below are some, for which we have provided a brief overview. Gynecological Anatomy The Menstrual Cycle Recognize Gynecological Symptoms Sexually Transmitted Diseases Pap Test Endometriosis Pelvic Pain Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Menstrual Conditions Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) Amenorrhea Dysmenorrhea Menorrhagia Gyneco...
Health Promotion and Prevention
Health Promotion and Prevention At each stage of a woman's development and maturation, it is important to make healthy lifestyle choices and find ways to prevent problems. Getting regular healthcare examinations and learning to identify potential health problems are two ways to help you live a longer, healthier, and happier life. Listed in the directory below, you will health promotion and prevention topics for women. It is hoped that the health information they contain will support your ability to make...
Heart Attack
Heart Attack What is a heart attack (myocardial infarction)? A heart attack, or myocardial infarction, occurs when one or more regions of the heart muscle experience a severe or prolonged lack of oxygen caused by blocked blood flow to the heart muscle. The blockage is often a result of atherosclerosis—a buildup of plaque composed of fat deposits, cholesterol, and other substances. Plaque ruptures and eventually a blood clot forms. The actual cause of a heart attack is a blood clot that forms within the ...
Home Page - Women's Health
Topic Index Breast Health Colorectal Cancer Diabetes (Type 1, 2, and Gestational) Gynecological Concerns Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) Hysterectomy Infertility Menopause Mental Health Osteoporosis Skin Cancer Urinary Conditions Health Promotion and Prevention Sports Injuries Glossary A woman's body is just as intriguing as it is complex. Here, you will learn about the anatomy, functions, and systems of a woman's body, detailed with labeled medical illustrations and simple definitions. A healthy w...
How to Perform a Breast Self-Examination (BSE)
How to Perform a Breast Self-Examination What is a breast self-examination (BSE)? Breast self-examination (BSE) is a procedure a woman can do to physically and visually examine her breasts and underarm areas for changes. It has not been shown that BSEs alone can accurately determine the presence of breast cancer. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force has found evidence that suggests BSEs do not lower the risk for death from breast cancer. Therefore, if you choose to do BSE, it should not be used in pl...
Hysterectomy
Hysterectomy What is hysterectomy? Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus. Different portions of the uterus, as well as other organs, may be removed at the same time. Facts about hysterectomy More than 600,000 hysterectomies are performed in the U.S. each year. Hysterectomy is the second most common major operation in women of child bearing age. The most common conditions for hysterectomy are fibroid tumors, endometriosis, and uterine prolapse. Reasons for having a hysterectomy: The followin...
Infertility
Infertility What is infertility? Infertility is defined by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) as a disease of the reproductive system that impairs the body's ability to perform the basic function of reproduction. Although conceiving a child may seem to be simple and natural, the physiological process is quite complicated and depends on the proper function of many factors, including the following, as listed by the ASRM: Production of healthy sperm by the man Production of healthy eggs ...
Infertility Risk Factors for Men and Women
Infertility Risk Factors for Men and Women For women. General factors that can affect the ability to ovulate, conceive, or deliver a child successfully include the following: Age. Women in their late 30s and older are generally less fertile than women in their early 20s Endometriosis Chronic diseases (diabetes, lupus, arthritis, hypertension, or asthma) Hormonal imbalance Environmental factors. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, or exposure to workplace hazards or toxins Excessive or very low body ...
Interstitial Cystitis
Interstitial Cystitis What is interstitial cystitis? Interstitial cystitis (IC) is complex, chronic disorder characterized by an inflamed or irritated bladder wall. It can lead to scarring and stiffening of the bladder, decreased bladder capacity, and glomerulations (pinpoint bleeding). IC may also be known as: Painful bladder syndrome Frequency-urgency-dysuria syndrome What causes IC? The cause of IC is still unknown and patients do not respond to antibiotic medication. Researchers are investigating ma...
Introduction to Menopause
Introduction to Menopause What is menopause? When a woman permanently stops having menstrual periods, she has reached the stage of life called menopause. Often called the "change of life," this stage signals the end of a woman's ability to have children. Many health care providers actually use the term menopause to refer to the period of time when a woman's hormone levels begin to change. Menopause is said to be complete when menstrual periods have ceased for one continuous year. The transition phase be...
Lumbar Strain (Weight Lifter's Back)
Lumbar Strain (Weight Lifter's Back) What is a lumbar strain? A lumbar strain is an injury to the lower back, which results in damaged tendons and muscles that spasm and feel sore. What causes a lumbar strain? Click Image to Enlarge Trauma can injure the tendons and muscles in the lower back. Pushing and pulling sports, such as weight lifting or football, can lead to a lumbar strain. In addition, sports that require sudden twisting of the lower back, such as in tennis, basketball, baseball, and golf, ca...
Maintaining Weight Loss
Maintaining Weight Loss Benefits of maintaining weight loss While losing weight is difficult for many people, it is even more challenging to keep weight off. Most individuals who lose a large amount of weight regain it two to three years later. One theory about regaining lost weight is that people who decrease their caloric intake to lose weight experience a drop in their metabolic rate, making it increasingly difficult to lose weight over a period of months. A lower metabolic rate may also make it easi...
Mammogram
Mammogram What is a mammogram? A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast. It is used to detect and diagnose breast disease in women who either have breast problems, such as a lump, pain, or nipple discharge, as well as for women who have no breast complaints. Mammography cannot prove that an abnormal area is cancer, but if it raises a suspicion of cancer, tissue will be removed for a biopsy. Tissue may be removed by needle or open surgical biopsy and examined under a microscope to determine if it is cancer....
Manage Your Medications
Manage Your Medications Managing medication can be complicated, particularly if you are taking several, and treating different conditions. Suggestions for managing medications: It is important that you make sure you understand the exact dose and timing of each medication from your doctor when he or she prescribes it. Verify the information with your pharmacist when you have the prescriptions filled. If you go to different doctors for different conditions, it is extremely important to tell all of them ab...
Managing Stress
Managing Stress The effects of emotional stress on the body Many women face difficult challenges and responsibilities that may overlap or conflict, causing stress that can affect their health. Stress can arise out of difficulties at home, in relationships, and in the workplace. Family "well-being" includes stable relationships, and the ability to fulfill essential roles in the home, child rearing values and practices, and the mental and physical health and development of every family member. Researchers...
Mastalgia (Breast Pain)
Mastalgia (Breast Pain) What is mastalgia (breast pain)? Mastalgia is breast pain and is generally classified as either cyclical (associated with menstrual periods) or noncyclic. Noncyclic pain may come from the breast or may come from somewhere else, such as nearby muscles or joints, and may be felt in the breast. Pain can range from minor discomfort to severely incapacitating pain in some cases. Many women with mastalgia worry more about the consequences of cancer than about the pain itself. What is c...
Medical Treatment for Obesity
Medical Treatment for Obesity Medical treatment overview Treatment by a doctor may be necessary when an individual's own efforts to lose weight have failed and/or when coexisting medical conditions make it crucial for a person to lose weight. Prescription medication may be necessary for those with obesity-related health problems. Many people take over-the-counter supplements in an attempt to lose weight. However, to ensure long-term success, behavioral weight loss measures are an important part of any w...
Menopausal Hormone Therapy
Hormone Therapy The use of estrogen to supplement that which is no longer being produced by the body, and hormone therapy (HT), in which estrogen and progestin (a synthetic progesterone) are used in combination, have been the subject of great controversy over the years. To learn more about women's health, and specifically hormone therapy, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) launched the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) in 1991. The study consisted of c...
Menorrhagia
Menorrhagia What is menorrhagia? Menorrhagia is the most common type of abnormal uterine bleeding characterized by heavy and prolonged menstrual bleeding. In some cases, bleeding may be so severe and relentless that daily activities become interrupted. Other types of abnormal uterine bleeding (also called dysfunctional uterine bleeding) include: Polymenorrhea Too frequent menstruation Oligomenorrhea Infrequent or light menstrual cycles Metrorrhagia Any irregular, acyclic nonmenstrual bleeding from the u...
Mental Health
Mental Health There are many mental health conditions that require clinical care by a physician or other healthcare professional. Listed in the directory below are some, for which we have provided a brief overview. Managing Stress Depression Domestic Violence
Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic Syndrome What is metabolic syndrome? Metabolic syndrome is a condition that includes the presence of a cluster of risk factors specific for cardiovascular disease. According to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), metabolic syndrome significantly raises the risk of developing diabetes, heart disease, and/or stroke. Most people who have metabolic syndrome have insulin resistance. The body makes insulin to move glucose (sugar) into cells for use as energy. Obesity, commonly found...
Nipple Problems and Discharge
Nipple Problems and Discharge What are some common nipple problems? Click Image to Enlarge Nipple conditions are a common benign (non-cancerous) breast condition affecting many women. Some problems are related to lactation, while others are not. Like all breast conditions, any nipple problems should be reported to your physician for a prompt diagnosis and treatment. What is ectasia? As a woman approaches menopause (around her late 40s, early 50s), the mammary ducts, which are located under the nipple, b...
Normal Breast Development and Changes
Normal Breast Development and Changes What is normal breast development? Breast development is a vital part of reproduction in the human female. Unlike other mammals, however, human females develop full breasts long before they are needed to nurse their offspring. Breast development occurs in distinct stages throughout a woman's life, first before birth, again at puberty, and during the childbearing years. Changes also occur to the breasts during menstruation and when a woman reaches menopause. When doe...
Obesity
Obesity Obesity has a far-ranging negative effect on health. People who are overweight or obese are at increased risk for developing many different health conditions, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and bone and joint disease. Listed in the directory below are some topics related to obesity, for which we have provided a brief overview. Overview of Obesity Treatment of Obesity Obesity Treatment Overview Medical Treatment for Obesity Surgical Treatment for Obesity Gastric Bypass (Malabsorptive) ...
Obesity Treatment Overview
Obesity Treatment Overview Treatment goals Regardless of the type or combination of obesity treatment, goal setting is an important part of any obesity treatment plan. While a person may want to lose a large amount of weight because of societal or fashion reasons, it is important to realize that setting and achieving a goal of reducing weight by as little as 5 to 10 percent of body weight will yield important, positive gains in health. Treatment goals work best if they are individualized. For example, i...
Online Resources - Women's Health
Online Resources - Women's Health This Web was compiled from a variety of sources including the online resources listed below, but is not intended to substitute or replace the professional medical advice you receive from your health care provider. The content provided here is for informational purposes only, and was not designed to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease. Please consult your health care provider with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition. This page contai...
Osteoporosis Index
Osteoporosis Index Many factors involving osteoporosis require clinical care by a physician or other health care professional. Listed in the directory below are some of the factors, for which we have provided a brief overview. About Osteoporosis Bone Density Test
Overview of Obesity
Overview of Obesity Facts about obesity Overweight and obesity together make up a leading preventable cause of death in the U.S. Obesity is a chronic disease that can seriously affect your health. Overweight means that you have extra body weight, and obesity means having a high amount of extra body fat. Being overweight or obese raises your risk for health problems, including coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. Public health experts agree that overweight and obesity have reached epidemi...
Overview of Sports Injuries
Overview of Sports Injuries Facts about sports injuries Sports injuries are common daily occurrences in the U.S. Most sports injuries are due to either traumatic injury or overuse of muscles or joints. Many sports injuries can be prevented with proper conditioning and training, wearing appropriate protective gear, and using proper equipment. Sports and soft-tissue injuries Most sports injuries are due to minor trauma involving soft-tissue injuries--injuries that affect the muscles, ligaments, and/or ten...
Pap Test
Pap Test What is a Pap test? Click Image to Enlarge A Pap test (sometimes called a Pap smear) is a way to examine cells collected from the cervix, or the opening of the womb (located at the top of the vagina), for the presence of: Infection Inflammation Abnormal cells Cancer Why is a Pap test recommended? A Pap test, along with a pelvic exam, is an important part of a woman's routine health care because it may detect abnormalities that can lead to invasive cancer. Most cancers of the cervix can be detec...
Patellar Tendonitis (Jumper's Knee)
Patellar Tendonitis (Jumper's Knee) What is jumper's knee? Click Image to Enlarge Jumper's knee, also known as patellar tendonitis, is a condition characterized by inflammation of the patellar tendon, which connects the kneecap to shin bone (tibia). The condition may be caused by overuse of the knee joint, such as frequent jumping on hard surfaces. What are the symptoms of jumper's knee? The following are the most common symptoms of jumper's knee. However, each individual may experience symptoms differe...
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (Runner's Knee)
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (Runner's Knee) What is runner's knee? Click Image to Enlarge Runner's knee, also known as patellofemoral pain syndrome, is a condition characterized by dull pain around the front of the knee (patella), where it connects with the lower end of the thigh bone (femur). What causes runner's knee? Runner's knee may be caused by a structural defect, or a certain way of walking or running. Other causes may include: A kneecap that is located too high in the knee joint Weak thigh mus...
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) What is pelvic inflammatory disease? Click Image to Enlarge Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is caused by bacteria, often the same type of bacteria that is responsible for several sexually transmitted diseases, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia. In some cases, PID develops from bacteria that has traveled through the vagina and the cervix by way of an intrauterine device (IUD). PID can affect the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or the ovaries. It can lead to pelvic adhesions...
Pelvic Pain
Pelvic Pain What is pelvic pain? Pelvic pain is a common complaint among women. Its nature and intensity may fluctuate, and its cause is often obscure. In some cases, no disease is evident. Pelvic pain can be categorized as either acute , meaning the pain is sudden and severe, or chronic, meaning the pain either comes and goes or is constant, lasting for a period of months or longer. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, pelvic pain lasting longer than 6 months and showin...
Perimenopause
Perimenopause What is perimenopause? Perimenopause refers to the transitional period of time before menstruation actually stops, which is marked by changes in the menstrual cycle, along with other physical and emotional symptoms. Perimenopause can last two to 10 years and during this time the following processes are occurring within a woman's body: Ovaries release eggs less regularly Ovaries gradually produce less estrogen and other hormones Fertility decreases Menstrual cycles shorten, there are fewer ...
Plan and Prepare for Pregnancy
Plan and Prepare for Pregnancy If you are planning to become pregnant, taking certain steps can help reduce risks to both you and your baby. Proper health before deciding to become pregnant is almost as important as maintaining a healthy body during pregnancy. The first few weeks are crucial in a child's development. However, many women do not realize they are pregnant until several weeks after conception. Planning ahead and taking care of yourself before becoming pregnant is the best thing you can do f...
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? Polycystic ovary syndrome (also called PCOS or Stein Leventhal syndrome) is the most common hormonal and reproductive problem affecting women of childbearing age. It's estimated that about 5 percent of women in the U.S. have this disorder. Click Image to Enlarge PCOS has been defined as the presence of any two of the following characteristics: Lack of ovulation for an extended period of time High levels of androgens (male hormone...
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)? A much more severe form of the collective symptoms known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) affects approximately 3 percent to 8 percent of women of reproductive age and is considered a severe and chronic medical condition that requires attention and treatment. What causes PMDD? Although the exact cause of PMDD is not known, several theories have been proposed. One theory states tha...
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) What is premenstrual syndrome? Most women experience some unpleasant or uncomfortable symptoms during their menstrual cycle. For some women, the symptoms are significant, but of short duration and not disabling. Other women, however, may have one or more of a broad range of symptoms that temporarily disturb normal functioning. These symptoms may last from a few hours to many days. The types and intensity of symptoms vary in individuals. This group of symptoms is referred to a...
Preventing Cardiovascular Diseases
Preventing Cardiovascular Diseases Primary risk factors for chronic disease At the top of the CDC's list of primary risk factors for all chronic diseases are: smoking, poor nutrition, and sedentary lifestyle. Living a healthier lifestyle can help to prevent heart disease. This includes the following: Eliminating all tobacco products Adhering to a heart-healthy diet Following an appropriate exercise program Eliminate all tobacco products You should be aware that all tobacco products are included as risk ...
Preventing Obesity
Preventing Obesity in Children and Teens Facts about prevention Obesity is a chronic disease affecting increasing numbers of children and adolescents as well as adults. Obesity rates among children in the U.S. have doubled since 1980 and have tripled for adolescents. About 17 percent of children aged 2 to 19 are considered overweight compared to over 66 percent of adults who are considered overweight or obese. Earlier onset of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity-related depression in ch...
Preventing Sports Injuries
Preventing Sports Injuries Most sports injuries are the result of inadequate training in certain sports, structural defects in the body, and weaknesses in the body. Many people who start exercising after being sedentary sustain a sports injury. However, with the proper precautions, sports injuries can often be prevented. How can I prevent a sports injury? The following are some basic steps to prevent a sports injury: Warm up properly before any physical activity. Alternate exercising different muscle gr...
Recognizing Gynecological Symptoms
Recognizing Gynecological Symptoms Gynecological signs and symptoms that may require medical attention Vaginal bleeding and discharge are a normal part of your menstrual cycle prior to menopause. However, if you notice anything different or unusual, consult your health care provider before attempting to treat the problem yourself. Symptoms may result from mild infections that are easy to treat. But, if they are not treated properly, they can lead to more serious conditions, including infertility or kidn...
Safer Sex Guidelines
Safer Sex Guidelines What is "safe" sex? Sex in a monogamous relationship where neither party is infected with a sexually transmitted disease (STD) is believed to be "safe." However, many health care professionals believe there really is no such thing as "safe" sex. They believe the only way to be truly safe is to abstain because all forms of sexual contact carry some risk. For example, kissing is thought to be a safe activity, but herpes, and other diseases can be contracted this way. Condoms are commo...
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Diseases What are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)? Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infectious diseases transmitted through sexual contact. The CDC estimates that 19 million new cases occur annually in the U.S. Fifty percent of the new infections occur in people between the age range of 15 to 24 years. How can you protect your adolescent from STDs? The best way to prevent contracting an STD is to abstain from any type of sexual activity, including oral, vaginal, and ana...
Shin Splints
Shin Splints What are shin splints? Shin splints refers to pain and tenderness along or just behind the large bone in the lower leg (the tibia). Shin splints, also called medial tibia stress syndrome, usually develop after rigorous exercise, sports, or repetitive activity. This repetitive activity can lead to inflammation of the muscles, tendons, and thin layer of tissue covering the bone (the periosteum) of the tibia, causing pain. What are the symptoms of shin splints? The following are the most commo...
Skin Cancer
Skin Cancer What is skin cancer? Skin cancer is a malignant tumor that grows in the skin cells. In the US alone, more than 2 million Americans were expected to be diagnosed in 2010 with nonmelanoma skin cancer, and 68,130 were expected to be diagnosed with melanoma, according to the American Cancer Society. What are the different types of skin cancer? There are three main types of skin cancer, including: Name Description Basal cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma accounts for approximately 80 percent of ...
Sports and Fractures
Sports and Fractures Fractures are breaks in the bone that are often caused by a blow or a fall. A fracture may be classified as a simple fracture (a thin fracture that may not run through the entire bone), or a compound fracture, in which the broken bone protrudes through the skin. Symptoms may include tenderness over the bone, swelling of the affected area, deformity of the limb, and increased pain with movement. What are stress fractures? Click Image to Enlarge Stress fractures are weak spots or smal...
Sports Injuries
Sports Injuries Many sports injuries require clinical care by a physician or other health care professional. Listed below are some, for which we have provided a brief overview. Overview of Sports Injuries Exercise Exercise and the Aging Person Lumbar Strain (Weight Lifter's Back) Patellar Tendonitis (Jumper's Knee) Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome (Runner's Knee) Preventing Sports Injuries Sports and Fractures Shin Splints
Staying Healthy After Menopause
Staying Healthy After Menopause While this "change of life" called menopause was once a life stage dreaded by many women, today's woman has an abundance of medical knowledge and resources available to her as she experiences menopause. The key to staying youthful and active is good nutrition and regular physical exercise. Nutritional needs after menopause As a person ages, nutritional requirements change. A premenopausal woman should consume about 1,000 mg of calcium daily. Women after menopause should c...
Surgical Treatment for Obesity
Surgical Treatment for Obesity Weight-loss surgery, also called bariatric surgery, is the only option today that may effectively treat morbid obesity in people for whom more conservative measures such as diet, exercise, and medication have failed. A variety of approaches to bariatric surgery is available, but all procedures are either malabsorptive, restrictive, or a combination of the two. Malabsorptive procedures change the way the digestive system works. Restrictive procedures are those that severely...
The Menstrual Cycle: An Overview
The Menstrual Cycle: An Overview Click Image to Enlarge What is ovulation? When a young woman reaches puberty, she begins to ovulate - a process in which a mature egg cell (also called an ovum), ready for fertilization by a sperm cell, is released from one of the ovaries (two female reproductive organs located in the pelvis). If the egg is fertilized by a sperm cell as it travels down the fallopian tube, then pregnancy occurs and it becomes attached to the lining of the uterus until the placenta (an org...
Topic Index - Women's Health
Topic Index - Women's Health Women's Health Home Breast Health Anatomy of the Breasts Normal Breast Development Three-Step Plan for Preventive Care How to Perform a Breast Self-Examination Mammography Frequently Asked Questions: Mammograms Common Breast Conditions Mastalgia (Breast Pain) Common Breast Lumps Fibrocystic Breast Changes Nipple Problems and Discharge Breast Infections and Inflammations Diagnosing Benign Breast Conditions Colorectal Cancer Diabetes (Type 1, 2, and Gestational) Gynecological ...
Treatment of Obesity
Treatment of Obesity Because obesity is a serious, chronic disease that can inflict substantial harm to a person's health, treatment is very important. A variety of methods are used to treat obesity. Incorporating multiple methods, such as making diet changes as well as adding exercise, may be beneficial. Obesity Treatment Overview Medical Treatment for Obesity Surgical Treatment for Obesity Gastric Bypass (Malabsorptive) Surgery Gastric Stapling (Restrictive) Surgery
Urinary Conditions
Urinary Conditions Many disorders of the urinary system require clinical care by a physician or other health care professional. Listed in the directory below are some, for which we have provided a brief overview. Anatomy of the Urinary System Urinary Incontinence Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Interstitial Cystitis
Urinary Incontinence
Urinary Incontinence What is urinary incontinence (UI)? Urinary incontinence (UI) is the loss of urine control, or the inability to hold your urine until you can reach a restroom. According to the National Association for Continence, approximately 25 million adult Americans experience temporary or chronic urinary incontinence. UI can strike at any age. Women over age 50 are the most likely to develop UI. Urinary incontinence may be a temporary condition, resulting from an underlying medical condition. I...
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Click Image to Enlarge What are urinary tract infections (UTIs)? Urinary tract infections are a serious, but common, health problem that affects millions of people each year. Women are especially prone to urinary tract infections. What causes urinary tract infections? Normal urine is sterile and contains fluids, salts, and waste products. It is free of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. An infection occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from the digestive tract, cling t...
Vaginitis
Vaginitis What is vaginitis? Click Image to Enlarge Vaginitis refers to any inflammation or infection of the vagina. This is a common gynecological problem found in women of all ages, with one-third of women having at least one form of vaginitis at some time during their lives. The vagina is the muscular passageway between the uterus and the external genital area. When the walls of the vagina become inflamed, because some irritant has disturbed the balance of the vaginal area, vaginitis can occur. What ...
Vulvitis
Vulvitis What is vulvitis? Click Image to Enlarge Vulvitis is simply an inflammation of the vulva, the soft folds of skin outside the vagina. This is not a condition, but rather a symptom that results from a host of diseases, infections, injuries, allergies, and other irritants. Diagnosing and treating this condition can be frustrating because it is often difficult to determine the specific cause of the irritation. What causes vulvitis? Vulvitis may be caused by one or more of the following: Scented or ...
Watch Your Weight
Watch Your Weight When is watching your weight necessary? According to the CDC, more than 68 percent of U.S. adults older than 20 are either overweight or obese. Extra weight is a concern because it may cause new health issues or worsen already existing health problems. To help you determine if your weight is within a normal range, you can use this BMI calculator . Maintaining a healthy weight is especially important if you have or have had any of the following conditions: Heart disease Type 2 diabetes ...
Women's Health Care Guidelines
Women's Health Care Guidelines The National Women's Health Information Center offers the following 10 things you can do to help live longer, live better, and live happier: Be informed. Learn about health promotion and disease prevention and ask your physician for specific information regarding your needs. Be good to your bones. For healthy bones, be sure to replenish your stock of calcium every day with plenty of foods such as milk and other dairy products, tofu, leafy green vegetables, canned salmon or...
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SEARCH HEALTH LIBRARY
FIND A PHYSICIAN
WELLNESS LECTURES & EVENTS
CONTACT US
|
Visit Us
2170 South Ave.
South Lake Tahoe, CA
96150
|
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