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Herbs, Vitamins & Supplements- All
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Vitamin D
Vitamin D Other Name(s): calciferol (vitamin D-3), cholecalciferol, dihydrotachysterol (a synthetic vitamin D), ergocalciferol (vitamin D-2), ergosterol (provitamin D-2), 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D-3), 22-dihydroergosterol (vitamin D-4 or provitamin D-4) General description Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is necessary for bone growth and development. Because it is stored by the body, taking too much vitamin D can cause toxicity problems. Vitamin D deficiency may result in rickets (a dise...
Folic acid
Folic Acid Other name(s): vitamin B 9 , folacin, folate, tetrahydrofolic acid, tetrahydropteroylglutamic acid, THF General description Folic acid, folate, or vitamin B 9 , is a water-soluble vitamin. It plays an important part in cell division, in the creation of cells in the blood-forming organs and bone marrow, and in the proper development of the fetal spinal cord during pregnancy. Like the other B vitamins, folic acid plays an important role in energy production. The body converts folic acid to tetr...
Biotin
Biotin Other name(s): vitamin H (archaic), coenzyme R, d-biotin, hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thienol[3,4-d]-imidazole-4-pentatonoic acid General description Biotin is classified as a B vitamin. It is water soluble and readily absorbed when taken orally. It is found in a variety of foods and is also produced by bacteria inside the large intestine. Biotin deficiency is rare. Like the other B vitamins, biotin plays an important role in energy production. Biotin works with carboxylase enzymes, ATP, and magnesium to ...
Vitamin K
Vitamin K Other name(s): antihemorrhagic factor, menadiol, menadione (vitamin K-3), menaquinone (vitamin K-2), methylphytyl naphthoquinone, phylloquinone (vitamin K-1), phytonadione General description Vitamin K, one of the fat-soluble vitamins, is involved in promoting blood clotting. The major source of vitamin K, phylloquinone, is found in green plants. Another form of vitamin K, menaquinone, is produced by bacteria living in the intestine. Menadione, the synthetic form of vitamin K, is the most pote...
Zinc
Zinc Other name(s): zinc gluconate, zinc sulfate General description Zinc is an essential trace element. It is almost as plentiful in the human body as iron , and is concentrated in the eyes, brain, pancreas, kidneys, liver, and adrenal gland. In 1956, it was recognized as an essential nutrient. Zinc is necessary for insulin to work effectively, and is involved in protein and DNA synthesis. Bone and teeth need zinc for proper mineralization. Zinc is necessary to prevent birth defects. Zinc functions in ...
Vitamin E
Vitamin E Other name(s): alpha tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol, tocotrienol, 5,7,8 trimethyl-tocotrienol General description Vitamin E is a series of fat-soluble compounds called tocopherols. Alpha-tocopherol is the most potent and widely used form of vitamin E. Tocopherols are found in the oily residue of plants. Tocotrienols are also found in plants and have vitamin E-like activity. Vitamin E, vitamin C , and vitamin A are the antioxidant vitamins, and protect the body from oxidative damage. Vitamin E is...
St. John's Wort
St. John's Wort Botanical name(s): Hypericum Perforatum. Family: Hypericaceae Other name(s): amber, goatweed, hardhay, hyperici herba, klamath weed, tipton weed General description St. John's wort is an herb with a five-petaled yellow flower that grows in much of the world. It is named after St. John the Baptist because it blooms around his celebration day (June 24). The medicinal element of the plant consists of the dried above-ground parts, including the stem, petals, and flowers. Two constituents tha...
Taurine
Taurine Other name(s): 2-aminoethane-sulphonic acid General Description Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid present in high amounts in meat and fish. Normally, an adequate amount of taurine is synthesized in the human body from cysteine and hypotaurine. Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. Taurine is thought to be beneficial in congestive heart disease, although the exact mechanism of action is...
Tryptophan
Tryptophan Other name(s): a-amino-b-[3-indollyl]-propionic acid Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. Tryptophan may induce sleep and has been used to treat insomnia. It is said to be a natural antidepressant and stress reducer. It may help treat hyperactivity in children and mania in people with bipolar disorder. Tryptophan also decreases the appetite. Recommended intake The FDA has prohibited sales of try...
Tyrosine
Tyrosine Other name(s): a-amino-b-[p-hydroxyphenyl]-propionic acid Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. Tyrosine has been said to improve mood and be useful in treating depression, anxiety, narcolepsy (a sleep disorder), and insomnia. Tyrosine reportedly can help suppress appetite, reduce body fat, and stimulate the release of human growth hormone (HGH). It has also been used to treat some allergies. Recom...
Valerian
Valerian Botanical name(s): Valeriana officinalis, Centranthus ruber. Family: Valerianaceae Other name(s): all-heal, amantilla, carpon's tail, heliotrope, setewale, setwall, vandal root General description Valerian is a perennial plant with pink flowers that grows in North America and Europe. The medicinal part is the fresh underground malodorous roots, carefully dried below 40 degrees Celsius. Valerian root contains two categories of compounds that have sedative properties: the sesquiterpenes (valereni...
Vitamin C
Vitamin C Other Name(s): anti-scorbutic agent, ascorbic acid, calcium ascorbate, dehydroascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate General Description Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin found in many fruits and vegetables. It is a popular supplement, and many people feel that large doses (megadoses) provide additional benefits for the body. Vitamin C is important in the development and maintenance of the connective tissues of the body. Vitamin C is also a potent antioxidant . Some studies show th...
Histidine
Histidine Other Name(s): a-amino-b-[4-imidazole]-propionic acid Claims Histidine is reported to help treat allergies, ulcers, rheumatoid arthritis, and anemia. It is also considered beneficial in improving sexual function and protecting against damage caused by ionizing radiation (from X-rays, for example). Recommended intake Amino acids (AAs) are available as individual AAs or in proprietary AA combinations, as well as part of multivitamin formulas, proteins, and food supplements. The forms include tab...
Kelp
Kelp Botanical name(s): True kelps belong to the genus laminaria, family Laminariaceae. Giant kelps belong to the genus macrocystis, family Lessoniaceae. Bladder kelps belong to the genus nereocystis, family Lessoniaceae. Other name(s): seaweed General description Kelp is a common name for leafy algae or seaweed. Kelp needs sunlight as an energy source. It also needs a hard surface (not sand) on which to grow. Kelp growth is typically rapid, and giant kelp is one of the world's fastest growing plants, g...
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine Other name(s): a-amino-b-phenyl-propionic acid Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. Phenylalanine may help improve memory and learning ability, enhance mood and alertness, and help treat some types of depression. It has been used to help treat schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Phenylalanine tends to decrease appetite and has been used in treating obesity. It has been purported to improve...
Proanthocyanidins
Proanthocyanidins Other name(s): anthocyanidin, anthocyanadins, anthocyanin, celphinidin, cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin General description Proanthocyanidins and anthocyanidins are chemical compounds that give many plants, especially fruit or flowers, their red, blue, or purple colors. Even before anthocyanins were recognized as anti-cancer and health-promoting agents, they were studied extensively for their importance as plant pigments. While anthocyanins are respon...
Saw Palmetto
Saw Palmetto Botanical name(s): Sabal, Sabal serrulata, Serenoa repens Common names: Saw palmetto, shrub palmetto, dwarf palm General description The saw palmetto tree is native to North America. It grows 4–10 feet tall depending on its region. The medicinal part is the ripe, dried berry, also called Sabal fructus. Both the berries and seeds of the saw palmetto plant are used. Saw palmetto is claimed to reduce the signs and symptoms of an enlarged prostate. It is widely used in the treatment of benign p...
Shark Cartilage
Shark Cartilage General description Shark cartilage is made from powdered shark skeleton. Sharks have no true bone: Their skeletons are composed of cartilage. Shark cartilage is white in color with a fishy odor and taste. Shark cartilage has been touted as an agent to prevent or treat cancer. However, multiple studies have demonstrated that shark cartilage does not alter the course of established cancer or decrease the risk for any type of cancer. Known ingredients of shark cartilage include: Mucopolysa...
Spirulina
Spirulina Other name(s): Spirulina fusiformis, Spirulina maxima, Spirulina platensis General description Spirulina is a primitive single-celled algae that grows in the ocean and includes many species. Commonly used species include Spirulina maxima and Spirulina platensis. Spirulina is cultivated as feedstock in Africa and Mexico. Known ingredients of spirulina include: Arachidonic acid Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) Iron Linoleic acid Phycocyanin Protein Vitamin B 12 Medically valid uses There are no clearl...
Pyridoxine
Pyridoxine Other name(s): vitamin B 6 , pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxamine, pyridoxol, pyridoxyl-5-phosphate General description Pyridoxine, also known as vitamin B 6 , is a water-soluble vitamin. Like the other B vitamins, pyridoxine plays an important role in energy production. B-6 was isolated in 1939. It is required for the proper functioning of more than 60 enzymes in the body, especially in the synthesis of non-essential amino acids. Pyridoxine is essential for the synthesis of neurotransmitters su...
Isoleucine
Isoleucine Other name(s): a-amino-b-methyl-n-valeric acid Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. Isoleucine may play a critical role in hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying pigment inside red blood cells) production. It may regulate blood sugar level, increase energy and endurance, and help speed healing of injured muscle tissue. Use of isoleucine has also been credited for increases in muscle development and lea...
Lactobacillus Acidophilus
Lactobacillus Acidophilus Other name(s): Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, acidophilus General description Lactobacilli are bacteria that produce lactic acid from the metabolic breakdown of carbohydrates, particularly the sugar lactose in milk. Lactobacilli grow well in milk and milk products and are responsible for the "souring" of milk. Many different strains can be found in milk products, the adult intestinal tract and vagina, and in the intestinal tract of formula-fed infants. Lac...
Leucine
Leucine Other name(s): a-amino-isocaproic acid Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. Leucine may improve healing of skin and bones, increase muscle development and lean body mass, increase production of human growth hormone (HGH), and help control blood sugar. Recommended intake Amino acids (AAs) are available as individual AAs or in proprietary AA combinations, as well as part of multi-vitamin formulas, pr...
Licorice Root
Licorice Root Botanical name(s): Glycyrrhiza glabra l. Family: Fabaceae Other name(s): licorice, sweet root General description Licorice is a herbaceous perennial commonly grown in southeastern Europe and western Asia. It has been used since ancient times as a flavoring agent and as an expectorant. The medicinal parts of the licorice plant are the unpeeled dried roots and runners, and the rhizome (underground stem). Licorice contains the compound glycyrrhizin, which is 50 times sweeter than sugar. Exces...
Magnesium
Magnesium Other name(s): magnesium carbonate, magnesium citrate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate General description Magnesium is an essential element involved in the proper functioning of more than 300 enzymes. It is required for nerve and muscle activity, and to regulate the electrical and muscular activity of the heart. Magnesium is found in many over-the-counter antacids and laxatives. Because magnesium is found in many food sources, magnesium deficiency is rare. Magnesium ha...
Manganese
Manganese Other name(s) Manganese citrate, manganese gluconate, manganese sulfate General description Manganese is an element, but is referred to in nutritional terms as a mineral. Manganese is concentrated in the mitochondria of cells, and is most prevalent in bone, liver, pancreas, and kidney cells. The lower the serum levels of manganese, the more efficiently it is absorbed by the body. Manganese is important for normal growth and development, but the minimal dietary requirement for manganese is easi...
Methionine
Methionine Other name(s): a-amino-g-methylthiol-n-butyric acid Overview Methionine is an amino acid which is required in protein synthesis as well as synthesis of a number of additional physiologic compounds. Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. Methionine is an antioxidant and is thought to help protect the body from damage caused by ionizing radiation, detoxify harmful substances in the body (particularl...
Milk Thistle
Milk Thistle Botanical name(s): Silybum marianum Other name(s): milk thistle, marian thistle, Mary thistle, silibinin, silicristin, silidianin, silmar, silybin, silybum, silymarin, General description Milk thistle is an annual or biennial plant with reddish-purple flowers that grows up to three feet tall. Sometimes considered a weed, it is native to Europe and grows in dry, rocky soils. Milk thistle seeds (now known as Silybum marianum) have been used for hundreds of years to treat liver and gallbladder...
Molybdenum
Molybdenum Other name(s): ammonium molybdate General description Molybdenum is an essential element and a co-factor for several enzymes. It is stored primarily in the liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, brain, and muscles. Molybdenum is a constituent of several enzyme systems. These enzymes are responsible for the breakdown of xanthine, hypoxanthine and sulfite, and the detoxification of many harmful compounds. The ability of tissues to store molybdenum varies with intake levels and is affected by the amount...
Nettle
Nettle Botanical name(s): Urtica dioica L. Family: Urticaceae Other name(s): common nettle, greater nettle, stinging nettle General description The stinging nettle is a noxious plant with tiny stinging hairs covering its surface. Contact with the plant produces a stinging or burning sensation in the skin and a wheal and flare at the site of contact. This reaction is thought to be produced by histamine from the plant that is released as the hairs pierce the skin. There are several species of stinging net...
Potassium
Potassium Other name(s): KCl, potassium chloride General description Potassium is a highly reactive, metallic element normally found in nature as a "salt," such as potassium chloride or potassium nitrate. It plays a critical role in generating nerve signals that are required for skeletal smooth muscle and heart muscle contractions. It helps sustain normal blood pressure. Potassium is also important for maintaining electrolyte and pH balance (the acidity of the blood and other bodily fluids). Most potass...
Selenium
Selenium Other name(s): selenious acid, selenium methylselenocysteine, selenomethionine, sodium selenite General description Selenium is an essential trace element and antioxidant . It is a cofactor in enzyme regulation, and plays a role in maintaining the health of tissue and muscle. Selenium may be helpful in cancer treatment and prevention. Selenium has antioxidant properties and may serve some of the same antioxidant functions as vitamin E . Medically valid uses Selenium is important in the maintena...
Iron
Iron Other name(s): carbonyl iron, desiccated ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, ferrous gluconate, ferrous sulfate General description Iron is an essential element important in the development of red blood cells, which carry oxygen to all parts of the body. However, iron is extremely poisonous in large doses. Iron overdose is the number one cause of pediatric poisoning deaths in the United States. Iron functions primarily as the oxygen-carrying component of hemoglobin, the red pigment inside red blood ...
Lysine
Lysine Other name(s): a,e-diamino-n-caproic acid General Information Lysine is an essential amino acid necessary for the synthesis of protein as well as the metabolism of carbohydrates and fatty acids. Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. Lysine has been said to slow or stop the growth of viruses and may protect against sexual transmission of herpes virus. It may prevent the recurrence of herpes lesions (c...
Serine
Serine Other name(s): a-amino-b-hydroxy-propionic acid General Description Phosphatidylserine is a fat-soluble phospholipid that occurs endogenously in humans. It is the most abundant phospholipid in the human brain and is important in many neuronal membrane functions. Most of the body's phosphatidylserine comes of dietary sources. Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. Serine is a natural moisturizing agent...
Grape Seed Extract
Grape Seed Extract Botanical name(s): Vitis vinifera Other name(s): oligomeric proanthocyanidins , OPC, pycnogenol General description The grape has a long history of medicinal uses. Ancient Egyptians treated asthma with grapes. More recently, sap from grape branches was used to treat skin irritations and scrapes. Modern medicine may have discovered measurable benefits from compounds in both grape seeds and red wines. Further research suggests that the protective ingredients in wine are resveratrol and ...
Green Tea Extract
Green Tea Extract Botanical name(s): Camellia sinensis. Family: Theaceae Other name(s): green tea, Chinese tea, green sencha tea, Japanese tea, Yame tea General description Green tea is obtained from the plant Camellia sinensis. Black tea, green tea, and Oolong tea are all produced from varieties of the same plant. The different types of tea are created using different processing methods. Green tea extract contains a variety of polyphenols that includes the most active polyphenol, epigallocatechin galla...
Hawthorn
Hawthorn Botanical name(s): Crataegus oxyacantha Other name(s): English hawthorn, haw, May, Mayblossom, Maybush, Mayflower, whitethorn General description The hawthorn is a woody shrub or small tree with thorns and brightly colored fruit. In Europe, hawthorn is used both as a prescription and an over-the-counter heart tonic. Although this herb is not well known in the United States, more Americans, including physicians, are now contemplating various uses for it. Hawthorn contains flavonoids, which may i...
Iodine
Iodine Other Name(s): iodide, organic iodine, potassium iodide, sodium iodide General description In 1922, researchers discovered that the thyroid gland needs iodine to produce thyroid hormones and prevent the development of a goiter (enlarged thyroid glands). Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism and affect reproductive processes, nerves, muscles, skin, and hair. In addition to preventing goiters, iodine helps with the synthesis of protein and utilization of oxygen. Iodine is incorporated into two impor...
Kava Kava
Kava Kava Botanical name(s): Piper methysticum, Piperis methystici rhizoma. Family: Piperaceae Other name(s): ava, awa, gea gi, kava, kava-kava, kawa kawa, methysticum, yaqona (pronounced yangona) General description The kava plant is native to the South Pacific, where it is still widely used. It is a tall, upright bush with large leaves. The rhizome is the portion of the plant that contains the active ingredient. Some European manufacturers use top cuttings from the kava plant. This material has very l...
Brewer's Yeast
Brewer's Yeast Other name(s): Faex medicinalis, medicinal yeast, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces uvarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae General description Brewer's yeast is produced from a number of Saccharomyces (yeast) species. Brewer's yeast is "harvested" during the beer-brewing process, or it can be specifically grown in a nutrient broth for improved yield and to modify its mineral content. It is naturally a good source of protein (52 percent of its weight) and B-complex vitamins. The minera...
Cysteine
Cysteine Other name(s): a-amino-b-thiolpropionic acid Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. Cysteine may be beneficial in treating arthritis ( L -cysteine), hardening of the arteries, and lung diseases such as bronchitis, emphysema, and tuberculosis. It may help protect the lungs from cigarette smoke. Cysteine is believed to help protect the liver from alcohol, prevent hangovers, and prevent damage to brain...
Cystine
Cystine Other name(s): di-[a-amino-propionic]-b-disulphide Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. Cystine is believed to help speed post-operative recovery and to stimulate the immune system. It may also be useful in treating bronchitis. Recommended intake Amino acids (AAs) are available as individual AAs or in proprietary AA combinations, as well as part of multi-vitamin formulas, proteins, and food supplem...
Glucosamine
Glucosamine Other name(s): chitosamine, 2-amino-2deoxy-D-glucose General description Glucosamine is a naturally occurring substance that may alleviate symptoms associated with osteoarthritis. Glucosamine is found in chitin, the fibrous material that makes up the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects. It is also found in mucoproteins and mucopolysaccharides produced by many animals. Medically valid uses A long-term clinical trial funded by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine a...
Glutamic Acid
Glutamic Acid Other name(s): a-aminoglutaric acid Reported uses Glutamic acid is often used in the treatment of hypochlorhydria and achlorhydria. Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. Glutamic acid is believed to play a role in the treatment of personality and childhood behavioral disorders, epilepsy, muscular dystrophy, and mental retardation. Glutamic acid has sometimes been used in cases of hypoglycemia,...
Goldenseal
Goldenseal Botanical name(s): Hydrastis canadensis. Family: Ranunculaceae Other name(s): golden seal, yellow root General description Goldenseal is a perennial herb native to North America. The roots and rhizome are the parts of the plant that are used. Goldenseal contains the alkaloids hydrastine and berberine, which possess weak antiseptic properties. These components may help to combat bacteria-induced diarrhea. They should be avoided during pregnancy because of their possible stimulating effect on t...
Antioxidants
Antioxidants Other name(s): free radical scavengers General description Antioxidants help prevent free radicals from damaging the body by neutralizing them. A free radical is an atom or molecule that contains one or more unpaired electrons. These unpaired electrons want to bond to atoms or molecules and do so easily. The body is damaged during this bonding process. Individuals are exposed to many things that will create free radicals such as radiation, environmental toxins, and tobacco smoke. The body a...
Bee Pollen
Bee Pollen Other name(s): pollen General description Pollen is found in flowering plants. Bees collect pollen while they are searching for nectar. Pollen can be gathered from bees or harvested from plants by machines. Bee pollen contains the male reproductive cells (gametes) of flowers and digestive enzymes from bees. Pollen is rich in vitamins, minerals, trace elements, enzymes, and amino acids. It is also an excellent source of antioxidants . The exact composition varies depending on the plant source ...
Bone Meal
Bone Meal General description Bone Meal is produced from defatted, dried animal bones that are ground to a fine powder. It is used as a mineral supplement and is high in calcium and phosphorus. Today there are many safer and better forms of calcium supplements on the market. Medically valid uses Bone meal is used supplementally as a source of calcium, phosphorus and trace elements. Calcium makes up the mineral content of bones and teeth. It is necessary for muscle contraction, nerve transmission, blood ...
Borage Oil
Borage Oil Other name(s): gamma-linolenic acid, GLA General description Borage oil consists primarily of the essential fatty acid gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). GLA is an omega-6 fatty acid which is necessary for many body functions. Medically valid uses Borage oil currently has no documented valid medical uses. Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. The GLA from borage oil and other botanical oils may reduce i...
Garlic
Garlic Botanical name(s): Allium sativum. Family: Liliaceae General description Garlic consists of fresh or dried bulbs of the botanical plant Allium sativum, which is cultivated worldwide. The bulb or clove is the part of the plant most commonly used, but sometimes garlic oil is used. Garlic is best stored hung in plaits in a dry place. Garlic contains alliin, which, when ground, produces the strong-smelling, potent antibacterial agent allicin. In addition to its supposed antibacterial properties, garl...
Ginger
Ginger Botanical name(s): Zingiber officiale Roscoe. Family: Zingiberaceae Other name(s): gingerroot, zingiberis rhizoma General description Ginger is a perennial plant with grasslike leaves. Ginger, the spice, is produced from the root of the ginger plant and has been used for more than 2,500 years. The root contains essential oils and resins that give ginger its characteristic odor and spicy flavor, and are responsible for its medicinal uses. Ginger's medicinal uses are due to a class of active ingred...
Ginkgo Biloba
Ginkgo Biloba Botanical name(s): Ginkgo biloba. Family: Ginkgoaceae Other name(s): maidenhair tree General description The herb ginkgo biloba is the extract from the dried leaves and seeds of the tree. Ginkgo biloba has been promoted commercially in the United States with claims of enhancing memory and mental sharpness. Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) contains flavonoids and terpenes (the largest fraction being the known ginkgolides A, B, and C). GBE is widely used for cerebral insufficiency (memory difficu...
Ginseng
Ginseng Botanical name(s): Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng, an endangered species), Panax repens. Family: Araliaceae Other name(s): American ginseng, Chinese ginseng, Korean ginseng, man-root, Schinsent General description Ginseng is a very popular herb. A common name for ginseng, "man-root," because of its humanoid appearance, implies that it has benefits for the whole body. The medicinal part consists of the dried main and lateral root and root hairs. Ginseng commonly refers to Pa...
Glycine
Glycine Other name(s): aminoacetic acid Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. There is conflicting evidence that taking glycine orally in addition to conventional treatment seems to reduce negative symptoms of schizophrenia in patients who are resistant to monotherapy with conventional antipsychotics. Applying a cream containing glycine, l-cysteine, and dl-threonine seems to reduce pain and slightly improve...
Alpha Lipoic Acid
Alpha Lipoic Acid Other name(s): ALA, alpha-lipoic acid, TA, thioctic acid General description Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is an antioxidant that is quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; it is both water and fat soluble in the body. Demonstrated uses The primary established use for ALA is the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. Neuropathy consists of sensory changes, sometimes described as stinging, burning, painful, numb, etc., that are localized to areas of the skin. Intravenous ALA is used to t...
Cobalt
Cobalt Other name(s): cobalamin, cyanocobalamin , hydroxyocobalamin General description In elemental form, it is a hard gray metal. Its only well-recognized function is as a component of vitamin B-12 , a vitamin essential for producing red blood cells and maintaining the nervous system. Cobalt, present in the body only as a component of vitamin B-12 , is essential to erythropoiesis, or production of red blood cells. Cobalt serves some of the same purposes as manganese and zinc . It can replace manganese...
Cranberry
Cranberry Botanical name(s): Vaccinium macrocarpon. Family: Ericaceae Other name(s): bearberry, craneberry General description The cranberry is an evergreen plant native to the northeastern United States. The red berries on the plant are used in foods, beverages, and in herbal products. It has been used traditionally for the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections. Although it has fallen in and out of favor in medicine, cranberry is currently recognized as an effective agent to help prevent...
Elderberry
Elderberry Botanical name(s): Sambucus canadensis, S. nigra, S. racemosa, S. ebulus. Family: Caprifoliaceae Other name(s): black elder, European elder, elder flower, sambucas General description The juice from the berries of the elder tree is used in the treatment of many ailments, particularly rheumatic pains. Elderberry is also used to treat colds and influenza. Elderberry contains naturally occurring antioxidants , vitamin C , and phenolic compounds such as flavonoids that are believed to be antivira...
Feverfew
Feverfew Botanical name(s): Chrysanthemum parthenium, Tanacetum parthenium. Family: Asteraceae Other name(s): altamisa, bachelor's buttons, featherfew, featherfoil General description Feverfew is related to the common daisy and grows throughout the United States and Europe. It has been used as a pain reliever for centuries. The feathery, aromatic leaves are used primarily for the prevention of migraine headaches. Scientists believe that parthenolide and other ingredients in feverfew inhibit serotonin an...
Alfalfa
Alfalfa Botanical name(s): Medicago sativa. Family: Fabaceae Other name(s): hay, lucerne, purple medic General description Alfalfa is a perennial grown worldwide as a feedstock for cattle. Its appearance is cloverlike, but it grows to a height of 2 to 3 feet. It blooms in the summer with purple or blue flowers. At harvest time alfalfa is mowed, field dried, and baled. The baled hay can be fed directly to cattle or ground to a coarse powder first. It can also be enriched with grain or other supplements. ...
Dong Quai
Dong Quai Botanical name(s): Angelica archangelica. Family: Umbelliferae Other name(s): angelica, Chinese angelica, Japanese angelica General description Dong quai is a fragrant perennial or biennial plant with greenish-white flowers. It is grown in Asia for medicinal purposes, but in the United States, it is more widely used as a food flavoring. The roots and leaves are the parts of the plant that are used medicinally. Dong quai contains coumarins, which act as vasodilators and antispasmodic agents. On...
Echinacea
Echinacea Botanical name(s): Echinacea purpurea, E. angustifolia, E. pallida. Family: Asteraceae Other name(s): black sampson, purple coneflower, rudbeckia, sampson root General description Echinacea, most commonly known as purple coneflower, is a flowering plant native to North America. The plant is harvested at flowering time; all parts are used except the roots. Echinacea usually refers to a mix of two plants that exert pharmacological activity: E. angustifolia and E. purpurea. A broad spectrum of ch...
Aloe
Aloe Botanical name(s): Aloe africana, Aloe barbadensis, Aloe ferox, Aloe perryi, Aloe spicata, Aloe vera. Family: Liliaceae. Over 200 known species of aloe exist. Other name(s): Aloe vera, burn plant, lily of the desert, elephant's gall, laxative, aloin, barbaloin General description Aloe is a plant that probably originated in Africa. More than 200 known species of aloe exist. The term "aloe vera" translates from Arabic and Hebrew to mean a "true shining, bitter substance." The succulent leaves are the...
Aspartic Acid
Aspartic Acid Other name(s): aminosuccinic acid Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. Some athletes claim aspartic acid improves stamina. Aspartic acid may also help improve the function of the immune system, and may play a role in protecting against toxins, and neural and brain disorders. Aspartic acid reportedly helps treat chronic fatigue. Recommended intake Amino acids (AAs) are available as individual ...
Bilberry
Bilberry Botanical name(s): Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium uliginosum. Family: Ericaceae Other name(s): blueberry, bog whortleberry, northern bilberry General description Bilberries are a type of blueberry found in Europe and the Northern United States and are closely related to the U.S. blueberry. Although the entire plant is used, the berries and their juice are the most commonly known. Historically, bilberry was used to improve eye disorders such as retinopathy, cataracts, and glaucoma. Bomber pilots...
Black Cohosh
Black Cohosh Botanical name(s): Cimicifuga racemosa. Family: Ranunculaceae Other name(s): black snake root, bugbane, bugwort, rattleroot, rattleweed, squaw root General description Black cohosh is a tall perennial herb originally found in the northeastern United States. Native Americans boiled the root in water and drank the brewed beverage to treat women's problems, as well as fatigue, snakebite, and arthritis. The medicinal part consists of the dried rhizome and roots. Black cohosh is cultivated in Eu...
Cascara Sagrada
Cascara Sagrada Botanical name(s): Rhamnus purshiana. Family: Rhamnaceae Other name(s): bitter bark, sacred bark General description Cascara sagrada, which means "sacred bark," was first used by Native Americans. It is made from the bark of a tree found in the northwestern United States. The bark contains anthraquinone glycosides, which act as a cathartic or laxative, depending on the dosage. Cascara has laxative effects and may help relieve constipation. However, in 2002, the FDA reclassified laxatives...
Cat's Claw
Cat's Claw Botanical name(s): Uncaria tomentosa. Family: Rubiaceae Other name(s): una de gato General description Cat's claw is a climbing vine that grows in many countries in Central and South America, especially in the Amazon. Two species, Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis, have traditionally been used to treat arthritis, digestive problems, and viral infections. The active ingredients are extracted from the bark and root of the vine. Both types of Uncaria are currently being evaluated by moder...
Cayenne
Cayenne Botanical name(s): Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens. Family: Solanaceae Other name(s): Capsaicin, capsacum, African chili, chili, hot pepper, Louisiana long pepper or sport pepper, paprika, red chili, spur pepper, tabasco pepper General description Cayenne is a hot spice commonly used in cooking. Bell pepper and paprika are the mild varieties of this pepper. Topically, cayenne is an effective pain reliever. It contains capsaicin, which is used in ointment form to relieve pain. Ointments made from ...
Chaste Tree
Chaste Tree (Chasteberry) Botanical name(s): Vitex agnus-castus L. Family: Verbenaceae Other name(s): chasteberry, cloister pepper, hemp tree, monk's pepper, vitex General description Vitex agnus-castus, or chaste tree, is a shrub that bears violet flowers and berries. The medicinal parts are the dried fruit and leaves. The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean as far as western Asia, and now can be found in southeastern parts of North America. Chaste tree contains iridoids, flavonoids, progestins, a...
Citrulline
Citrulline Other name(s): a-amino-d-ureido-n-valeric acid Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. Besides removing ammonia from the body, citrulline is believed to stimulate the immune system and increase energy levels. However, preliminary clinical research has indicated that citrulline does not improve exercise performance. Recommended intake Amino acids (AAs) are available as individual AAs or in proprieta...
Pantothenic Acid
Pantothenic Acid Other name(s): vitamin B 5 , chick antidermatitis factor (archaic), pantothenyl alcohol General description Pantothenic acid is a water-soluble vitamin that belongs to the B group of vitamins. Like the other B vitamins, pantothenic acid plays a role in energy production. It is also essential in the production of fatty acids and important hormones, and helps maintain the health of muscles and the digestive system. Pantothenic acid is an essential component of coenzyme A, which functions ...
Riboflavin
Riboflavin Other name(s): vitamin B 2 , lactoflavin General description Riboflavin is a member of the B family of vitamins ( B Complex ). Riboflavin is a water-soluble vitamin and excess amounts are excreted through the kidneys. It makes the urine fluorescent yellow. Riboflavin is an important antioxidant . Like the other B vitamins, riboflavin plays an important role in energy production. Riboflavin is one of a series of enzymes called flavoproteins. There are over 40 known flavoproteins, all playing i...
Copper
Copper Other name(s): chelated copper, copper histidinate, cupric acetate General description Copper is a soft, reddish-orange metal and an essential trace element. Its functions in the body are still being researched. Copper may effectively treat some types of anemia unresponsive to iron therapy. Wilson's disease and Menkes (kinky hair) disease are related to the inability to properly utilize copper. Copper concentrations are highest in the liver and brain. Copper is also found in the kidneys, pancreas...
EPA
EPA Other name(s): eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-3 oil(s) General description Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in abundance in fish oils such as cod liver oil and haddock oil. Medically valid uses EPA has been clearly demonstrated to modify lipid metabolism and reduce harmful levels of lipids in the bloodstream and their associated damage to the lining of the blood vessels. In addition, EPA has been shown to reduce overproducti...
Flaxseed
Flaxseed Botanical name(s): Linum usitatissimum. Family: Linaceae Other name(s): flax, linseed, lint bells, winterlien General description Flaxseed is an annual, grown in temperate and tropical regions. Oil extracted from the seeds is used as an alternative to fish oil. Flaxseed has a nutty flavor and is used in bread and bakery products. The seeds from the flaxseed plant are also used to make linseed cakes and in liniments. The stem of the plant is used to make linen thread. Flaxseed contains the omega...
Niacin
Niacin Other name(s): vitamin B 3 , niacinamide, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, nicotinic acid amide General description Niacin is a member of the B family of vitamins ( B Complex ). Niacin is a water-soluble vitamin and excess amounts are excreted through the kidneys. Like the other B vitamins, niacin plays an important role in energy production. Niacin functions in two important enzyme systems (NAD and NADP) that affect all the tissues of the body. These enzyme systems help transport hydrogen within th...
Thiamin
Thiamin Other name(s): vitamin B-1, thiamin (U.S. spelling), thiamine (European spelling) General description Thiamin is a member of the B family of vitamins ( B Complex ). It was the first water-soluble vitamin discovered. Like all the B vitamins, thiamin (or vitamin B-1) is best known for its role in the production of energy. Although rare in the United States, beriberi is the most common disease associated with thiamin deficiency. Thiamin is essential for the breakdown of carbohydrates and helps conv...
Vitamin A
Vitamin A Other name(s): b-carotene, beta-carotene , retinol, vitamin A-1 General description Vitamin A, or retinol, was the first substance isolated in the group called vitamins. It is one of the four fat-soluble vitamins and is found in animal products. Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body and can accumulate to toxic levels when intake is excessive. Precursors of vitamin A exist in a variety of plants and are called carotenoids. Carotenoids are fat soluble but non-toxic, even in large quantitie...
Vitamin B-12
Vitamin B 12 Other name(s): cobalamin, cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin General description Vitamin B 12 is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for cell division and is found only in animal-based foods. Like the other B vitamins, B 12 plays an important role in energy production. Vitamin B 12 functions are closely associated with those of folic acid ( vitamin B 9 ). Vitamin B 12 and folic acid are necessary for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, which are the building blocks of DNA. Generat...
Arginine
Arginine Other name(s): a-amino-d-guanidino-n-valeric acid Unsubstantiated claims Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. Arginine is claimed to improve fertility in men by increasing sperm count. It may also help stimulate the output of human growth hormone (HGH) and increase collagen in connective tissue. Arginine may be helpful in reducing fatigue, improving wound healing, increasing muscle mass, and treating diabetes and liver ...
Calcium
Calcium Other name(s): calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluconate, calcium lactate, calcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate General description Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body and the major component in bone. Most calcium in the body is found in the bones in a mineral form called calcium hydroxyapatite. Calcium is a fundamental building block of bone and tooth enamel. It is incorporated into bone and enamel as calcium hydroxyapatite and other related...
Chromium
Chromium Other name(s): trivalent chromium, chromium picolinate General description Chromium is an essential trace metal involved in regulating blood sugar and enhancing insulin action. It is also needed to metabolize and store carbohydrates, fat, and protein. Therefore, adequate amounts are required in the diet for normal breakdown of carbohydrates. Medically valid uses Although some studies have shown that chromium supplementation can improve blood sugar levels in chromium deficient animals, chromium ...
Coenzyme Q-10
Coenzyme Q-10 Other name(s): Co Q-10, Q-10, ubiquinone, ubiquinol General description Coenzyme Q-10 is a fat-soluble quinone similar in structure to vitamins E and K. Since its discovery 40 years ago, research has been ongoing to evaluate its reported cardiac benefits. Coenzyme Q-10 is synthesized by cells throughout the body, hence its name ubiquinone; ubi because it is ubiquitous throughout the body and quinone because it is chemically a quinone with a side chain. Q-10 acts as a catalyst in the respir...
Lecithin
Lecithin Lecithin is also known as alpha-phosphatidylcholines, lecithinum ex soya, sojalecithin, or soy lecithin. General description Lecithin does not refer to a single chemical but rather to a group of closely related chemicals. Lecithins in turn belong to a larger group of compounds called phospholipids, which are important components of the brain, blood, nervous tissue, and other tissues. The body uses lecithin in the transporting of fats and in the metabolic process. Lecithins consist of a base str...
Beta-Carotene
Beta-Carotene Other name(s) vitamin A , b-carotene, provitamin A General Beta-carotene belongs to a group of provitamins which are related to vitamin A , called carotenoids. Their reddish-violet pigment imparts color to plants, which can be seen in some of its food sources such as carrots, sweet potatoes and apricots. Beta-carotene is a precursor of vitamin A . Beta-carotene is fat soluble, but does not accumulate in the body to toxic levels like vitamin A can. Also, beta-carotene is an important antiox...
Choline
Choline Other name(s) choline bitartrate, choline chloride, choline dihydrogen General description Choline is a water-soluble component of many important chemicals within the body. Although not all choline functions and interactions are known, it is believed that choline is necessary for normal liver and kidney function. Choline is also a component of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, a chemical that passes messages between nerves, and between nerves and muscles. Choline is also the building block of ...
Vitamin B Complex
Vitamin B Complex General description Vitamin B-complex contains all the vitamins in the B group. It appears that the different B vitamins are related to each other and work closely together in the body. For this reason, having all the B vitamins present in the body leads to better working of body functions. There are many B-complex supplements available on the market, all containing varying amounts of the common B vitamins. Some also contain vitamin C and bioflavonoids. These are often referred to as B...
Resource List
Government Nutrition Internet Addresses FDA, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , Weight-control Information Network National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health , Office of Dietary Supplements National Library of Medicine , PubMed National Women's Health Information Center , Journals, Dictionaries, and Glossaries USDA , Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion USDA , Food and Nutrition Information Center USDA ,...
Fiber
Fiber Other name(s): b-glucan, cellulose, chitosan, gellan, guar gum, gum, hemicellulose, konjac mannan, lignin, mucilage pectin General description Fiber is present to some degree in almost all plant species. In addition it is produced by marine life, insects, yeasts, fungi, bacteria, and a host of other organisms. Fiber is often referred to as soluble or insoluble, depending on whether it dissolves in water. Food sources include bran, whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and seaweed. Current research sug...
Lutein
Lutein Other name(s): luteol, xanthophyll General description: Lutein is a yellow pigment that belongs to a group of substances called carotenoids. Carotenoids are believed to play an important role in preventing or slowing the appearance of macular degeneration, one of the leading causes of blindness among people over 60 years of age. Lutein was first isolated from egg yolk and is one of the pigments in the petals of yellow flowers and bird feathers. Lutein and another closely associated carotenoid cal...
Melatonin
Melatonin Other name(s): N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, melanocyte-contracting principle, skin-lightening factor General description: Melatonin is a not a nutrient, but a hormone produced by the pineal gland, a small endocrine gland at the base of the brain. Secretion of melatonin is regulated by exposure to light. Melatonin is believed to play a part in the diurnal cycle, or regular cycle of wakefulness and sleep associated with day and night. Studies have also shown above-average serum levels of melato...
Valine
Valine Other name(s): a-amino-isovaleric acid Unsubstantiated claims: Please note that this section reports on claims that have NOT yet been substantiated through scientific studies. Valine may help treat malnutrition associated with drug addiction. Recommended intake: Amino acids (AAs) are available as individual AAs or in proprietary AA combinations, as well as part of multi-vitamin formulas, proteins and food supplements. The forms include tablets, fluids and powders. However, adequate protein in the...
Alanine
Alanine Other name(s): a-alanine, a-amino-propionic acid, b-alanine, b-amino-propionic acid Unsubstantiated claims Alanine may be beneficial in treating diabetes because it aids glucose metabolism and helps prevent hypoglycemia (a deficiency of sugar in the blood). Recommended intake Amino acids (AAs) are available as individual AAs or in proprietary AA combinations, as well as part of multivitamin formulas, proteins, and food supplements. The forms include tablets, fluids, and powders. Adequate protein...
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